INTERNATIONAL SALES LAW AND ARBITRATION PROBLEMSPDF电子书下载

Part Ⅰ： SETTING THE STAGE 1

1 THE STUDY OF INTERNATIONAL COMMERCIAL LAW 3

Ⅰ. INTERNATIONAL TRADE： THE THEORY， THE INSTITUTIONS，AND THE LAW 5

A. Trade Theory 5

1. Absolute Advantage 6

2. Comparative Advantage 7

3. The Critics of Free Trade 10

B. Protectionist Measures 12

1. Dumping 13

2. Tariffs， Licenses， Quotas， and Subsidies 14

3. Prohibitions on Trade 15

4. Non-Tariff Barriers 15

C. International Organizations 16

1. The World Trade Organization 16

2. The World Bank 18

3. The International Monetary Fund 18

4. International Institute for the Unification of Private Law 19

5. The United Nations Commission on International Trade Law 20

6. The International Chamber of Commerce 22

D. Sources of Law Relating to International Sales of Goods 22

1. Civil Law versus Common Law 22

2. Sources of International Law 26

a. Treaties 26

b. Lex Mercatoria 27

Ⅱ. COMMERCIAL AND LEGAL CONSIDERATIONS 29

A. Managing Applicable Laws 30

B. Considering Arbitration for Dispute Resolution 31

1. The Pros and Cons of Arbitration 31

2. The Arbitration Agreement 33

3. The Rules and Law Governing Arbitration 34

C. Limiting Financial Risk 36

D. Allocating the Costs and Risks of Carriage 41

E. Hedging Currency Risk 43

F. Navigating Cultural Differences 44

PROBLEMS 45

Part Ⅱ： ENTER THE CISG 47

2 APPLICATION AND GENERAL PROVISIONS 51

Ⅰ. INTERPRETING THE CISG 51

A. General Principles of Interpretation 51

B. The Interpretive Guidance of CISG Article 7 54

Ⅱ. SCOPE OF APPLICATION 58

A. The CISG Governs Sales Between Parties from Different Contracting States 58

B. The CISG Can Apply through the Rules of Private International Law 61

C. The CISG Applies Only to Sales of Goods 72

D. The CISG Does Not Address： Validity， Property Interests， or Tort Liability 79

1. Validity 79

2. Property Issues 81

3. Personal Injury 83

Ⅲ. GENERAL PROVISIONS 83

A. Principles of Contractual Intent 83

B. Trade Usage and Parties’ Practices 87

C. No Writing Requirement 100

PROBLEMS 101

3 FORMING A CONTRACT UNDER THE CISG 105

Ⅰ. OFFERS 107

A. The Criteria for an Offer 107

B. Withdrawal and Revocability 113

Ⅱ. ACCEPTANCE 117

A. Defining Acceptance 117

B. Effectiveness， Withdrawal and Revocation 118

Ⅲ. BATTLE OF THE FORMS 121

Ⅳ. MODIFICATION 138

PROBLEMS 146

4 THE OBLIGATIONS OF THE PARTIES 147

Ⅰ. THE OBLIGATIONS OF THE SELLER 147

A. Delivery Terms 147

1. Incoterms as Express Terms 148

2. Default Delivery Terms 160

a. Place of Delivery 161

b. Carriage and Insurance 162

c. Timing of Delivery 164

d. Delivery of Relevant Documents 165

e. Transfer of Risk 166

B. Conformity of the Goods 171

1. Goods Must Be of the Quantity， Quality， and Description Required by the Contract 172

2. Goods Must Conform 172

a. Goods Must Conform to their Ordinary Purpose 172

b. Goods Must Conform to Particular Purpose Known to Seller 175

c. Goods Must Conform to Any Samples 178

d. Goods Must Be Packaged for Preservation 179

e. Seller Defenses 180

C. Third Party Claims 194

1. Goods Must be Free of Third Party Claims Generally 194

2. Good Must be Free of Third Party Intellectual Property Claims 195

3. Seller’s Defenses to Third Party Intellectual Property Claims 197

Ⅱ. THE OBLIGATIONS OF THE BUYER 198

A. Payment 198

1. Price 199

2. Place of Payment 201

3. Time of Payment 202

B. Taking Delivery 203

PROBLEMS 204

5 REMEDIES FOR BREACH 207

Ⅰ. INSPECTION， NOTICE AND CURE PROVISIONS 207

A. Buyer’s Obligations to Inspect and Notify 208

1. Inspection of Goods 208

2. Notice of Non-conformity 210

3. Seller’s Knowledge of Non-Conformity 212

4. Notice of Third Party Claims 214

5. Excuse for Failure to Notify 216

B. Allowing the Seller to Cure 217

1. Seller May Cure Before Delivery Date Has Passed 217

a. Delivery of Non-Conforming Documents 217

b. Delivery of Non-Conforming Goods 218

2. Seller May Set a Cure Period after the Delivery is Due 219

Ⅱ. BUYER’S REMEDIES FOR SELLER’S BREACH 222

A. Avoiding the Contract 222

1. Avoidance Based on Fundamental Breach by the Seller 223

a. The Magnitude of the Harm 224

b. Foreseeability of the Harm 224

2. Avoidance Based on Non-delivery by the End of the Nachfrist Period 226

3. Avoidance Must be Timely 227

4. The Effects of Avoidance 236

a. Dispute Resolution Obligations Survive 237

b. Other Post Avoidance Obligations Survive 237

c. Restitution 238

5. Limits on Avoidance 239

B. Seeking Specific Performance 241

1. Specific Performance Generally 241

2. Replacement of Non-Conforming Goods 243

a. Fundamental Breach 243

b. Timely Notice for the Seller 244

3. Repair of Non-Conforming Goods 245

a. Reasonable Request 245

b. Timely Notice for the Seller 245

C. Paying a Reduced Price 246

D. Confronting Partial Performance 247

E. Addressing Early or Excess Delivery 248

Ⅲ. SELLER’S REMEDIES FOR BUYER’S BREACH 249

A. Avoiding the Contract 249

1. Fundamental Breach by Buyer 250

2. Non-performance by the End of the Nachfrist Period 252

3. Avoidance Must be Timely 253

4. Effects of Avoidance 254

B. Specific Performance 255

C. Providing Specifications 256

Ⅳ. ANTICIPATORY BREACH AND INSTALLMENT CONTRACTS 257

A. Anticipatory Breach 257

1. Suspension of Performance 257

2. Avoiding the Contract 258

B. Avoiding Installment Contracts 260

Ⅴ. PRESERVATION OF THE GOODS 262

PROBLEMS 265

6 DAMAGES 267

Ⅰ. DAMAGES 267

A. Damages Generally 268

B. Damages in a Substitute Transaction 282

C. Damages When No Substitute Transaction 284

D. Mitigation 286

Ⅱ. INTEREST 289

Ⅲ. EXEMPTIONS 291

A. Uncontrollable Impediments 291

B. Excuse When Failure to Perform Is Caused by Counterparty 295

PROBLEMS 296

Part Ⅲ： DISPUTE RESOLUTION 299

7 ARBITRATION AS AN ALTERNATIVE TO NATIONAL COURTS 301

Ⅰ. THE WORK OF UNCITRAL AND THE DEVELOPMENT OF MODERN ARBITRATION 303

A. A Brief Historical Perspective and the Development of the UNCITRAL Rules 303

B. The Development of the UNCITRAL Model Law and the Promotion of the New York Convention 308

Ⅱ. EVALUATING THE PROS AND CONS OF ARBITRATION 312

A. Reasons for Choosing Arbitration 312

1. Neutrality 312

2. Enforceability 313

3. Confidentiality 313

4. Speed/Efficiency 314

5. Expertise 315

B. Reasons for Not Choosing Arbitration 315

1. Inability to Join Additional Parties or Claims 315

2. Potential Need for Court Involvement 316

3. Lack of a Right to Appeal 316

C. The Question of Cost 317

PROBLEMS 318

Ⅲ. NEGOTIATING AND DRAFTING AN EFFECTIVE ARBITRATION AGREEMENT 319

A. Deciding on Arbitration—Before or After a Dispute Arises 319

B. Considering the Content of the Arbitration Agreement 320

Ⅳ. INSTITUTIONAL AND AD HOC RULES 329

A. Private Rules and Arbitral Institutions 329

B. Recommended Model Arbitration Clauses 330

Ⅴ. THE IMPORTANCE OF THE LEX ARBITRI AND THE INTERACTION OF EXPRESS TERMS， RULES AND LAW 333

A. Determination of the Lex Arbitri 333

B. The Lex Arbitri， the Rules， and the Arbitration Clause：Putting Them All Together to Build an Arbitration Regime 343

PROBLEMS 345

8 ARBITRATION AS A CONTRACT BETWEEN THE PARTIES 347

Ⅰ. THE DECISION TO COMMENCE ARBITRATION PROCEEDINGS 348

Ⅱ. RESPONDENT’S OBLIGATIONS AND OPTIONS 352

A. Respondent’s Obligations Triggered by Commencement 353

1. Answering the Claim and Bringing any Counter-Claim 353

2. Challenging Jurisdiction 354

B. Can Respondent Go to Court Instead of Participating in the Arbitration？ 354

Ⅲ. THE POTENTIAL NEED FOR IMMEDIATE INTERIM RELIEF 356

PROBLEM 357

Ⅳ. CONSTITUTION OF THE ARBITRAL PANEL 358

A. Choosing the Arbitrators 358

B. Arbitrator Selection When the Parties Cannot or Will Not 360

C. Arbitrator Disclosures and Standards of Neutrality 362

D. Challenging the Appointment of an Arbitrator 363

Ⅴ. JURISDICTION PART Ⅰ： THE QUESTION OF WHO DECIDES ANY JURISDICTIONAL CHALLENGE 365

A. The Separability Paradigm 368

B. The Competence-Competence Paradigm 372

Ⅵ. JURISDICTION PART Ⅱ： THE SUBSTANTIVE JURISDICTIONAL ISSUES TO BE DECIDED—IT’S ALMOST ALL ABOUT CONSENT 383

A. Did the Parties Agree to Arbitrate Anything？ 384

B. Is the Arbitration Agreement Valid？ 393

1. Formal Validity 393

2. Substantive Validity 399

C. Is the Parties’ Dispute Within the Scope of the Arbitration Agreement？ 407

D. Is the Parties’ Dispute Arbitrable？ 409

E. Does Public Policy Preclude Arbitration of theParties’ Dispute？ 419

PROBLEMS 421

9 ARBITRATION AS A PROCEDURE TO DECIDE THE PARTIES’ DISPUTE 423

Ⅰ. PLEADINGS， PLANNING AND OTHER PRELIMINARY MATTERS 424

A. Statements of Claim and Defense， Counter-Claims，Set-off， and Joinder 424

B. Planning the Arbitration 428

C. Choice of Substantive Law Governing the Merits of the Dispute 429

D. Interim Measures and Preliminary Orders 432

PROBLEMS 438

E. Discovery and Production of Evidence 439

Ⅱ. DEFAULT PROCEEDINGS 443

Ⅲ. HEARING THE PARTIES’ CASE ON THE MERITS 446

A. Testimony of Fact Witnesses 448

B. Experts 449

C. Confidentiality of the Proceedings 450

D. Settlement 450

E. Closure of the Hearings on the Merits 451

Ⅳ. THE FINAL AWARD 452

A. Requirements of the Award and Designation of Place 452

B. Fixing and Allocating Costs 454

C. Correction and Interpretation of Award 455

D. Termination of Arbitral Proceedings 456

PROBLEM 457

10 ARBITRATION AS A FINAL AWARD：CHALLENGES AND ENFORCEMENT 459

Ⅰ. INTRODUCTION TO COURT ACTIONS TO CHALLENGE OR ENFORCE THE ARBITRATORS’ FINAL AWARD 460

Ⅱ. DIRECT CHALLENGES BY THE DISAPPOINTED PARTY：OFFENSIVELY ATTACKING THE AWARD IN THE PLACE OF ARBITRATION 463

A. Grounds for Setting Aside an Award 463

PROBLEM 469

B. The Effect of a Successful Action to Set Aside Or Is the Award Still Enforceable？ 469

Ⅲ. WAITING FOR ENFORCEMENT： DEFENSIVELY RESISTING ENFORCEMENT ON ONE’S OWN TURF 470

A. Enforcement under the New York Convention 471

B. Grounds for Refusing Enforcement 473

C. The Public Policy Exception： Its Use and Abuse 477

PROBLEMS 484

Appendix A UNCITRAL Model Law Jurisdictions 485

Appendix B Sources of Contracting Parties’ Rights and Obligations 487

Appendix C Sources of Law and Party Intent Applicable in International Commercial Arbitration 489

Appendix D Grounds to Set Aside or Refuse Enforcement of an Arbitration Award 491

Index 493