Modern Trends in Physiology and BiochemistryPDF电子书下载

The Mechanism of Enzymatic Oxidation-Reductions＆BY E．S．GUZMAN BARRON,Chemical Division,The Department of Medicine,The University of Chicago,Chicago,Illinois 1

Ⅰ．Introduction 1

Ⅱ．Oxidation-Reduction Systems in Cell Respiration 11

Ⅲ．The Protein Component 15

Ⅳ．Mechanism of Enzymatic Oxidations 18

References 23

The Identification of Enzyme-Substrate Compounds＆BY BRITTON CHANCE,Johnson Research Foundation,University of Pennsylvania,Philadelphia,Pennsylvania 25

Ⅰ．Introduction 25

Ⅱ．The Identification of Catalytically Active Intermediate Compounds of Enzymes with Their Substrates 27

Ⅲ．The Correlation of Overall and Enzyme-Substrate Kinetics 33

Ⅳ．Summary 45

References 46

The Cytoplasm,Its Structure and Role in Metabolism,Growth and Differentiation＆BY JOHN RUNNSTR？M,Wenner-Gren＇s Institute,Stockholm,Sweden 47

Ⅰ．Cytoplasmic Morphology 47

Ⅱ．Experimental Approach to Cytoplasmic Structure 49

Ⅲ．Cytoplasmic Components and Metabolism 52

Ⅳ．Further Discussion of the Properties and Physiological Changes in the Cytoplasmic Ground Substance 58

Ⅴ．The Cell Surface as a Site of Metabolism 61

Ⅵ．The Origin of the Particulate Components of the Cytoplasm 64

Ⅶ．Interaction between Particulates and the Ground Cytoplasm 66

Ⅷ．The Role of Cytoplasm in Differentiation 68

References 73

Physiology of the Cell Nucleus＆BY DANIEL MAZIA,Department of Zoology,University of California,Berkeley．California 77

Ⅰ．Introduction 77

Ⅱ．The Chemical Description of the Cell Nucleus 79

Ⅲ．Biochemical Associations in the Nucleus and Chromosomes 82

Ⅳ．The Physical Properties of the Nucleus 84

Ⅴ．The Physiological Role of the Cell Nucleus 87

Ⅵ．The Nucleus in Cell Metabolism 92

Ⅶ．Hypotheses Concerning the Action of the Nucleus 100

Ⅷ．Nucleus-Cytoplasm Interaction 104

Ⅸ．The Genetic Function of the Nucleus 109

Ⅹ．Summary 118

References 119

The Physiology of Cell Division＆BY L．V．HEILBRUNN,Department of Zoology,Unwersity of Pennsylvania,Philadelphia,Pennsylvania 123

References 133

Molecular Anatomy of the Red Cell Plasma Membrane＆BY ARTHUR K．PARPART AND ROBERT BALLENTINE,Department of Biology,Princeton University,Princeton,New Jersey and the McCollum-Pratt Institute,The Johns Hopkins University,Baltimore,Maryland 135

Ⅰ．Introduction 135

Ⅱ．The Types and Number of Molecules in Erythrocyte Plasma Membrane 136

Ⅲ．Lipoprotein Complexes in the Erythrocyte Plasma Membrane 137

Ⅳ．Some Physical Properties of the Plasma Membrane 139

Ⅴ．Molecular Anatomy of the Plasma Membrane 143

References 147

The Measurement of Cell Permeability with Particular Reference to the Erythrocyte＆BY M．H．JACOBS,Department of Physiology,University of Pennsylvania,Philadelphia,Pennsylvania 149

Ⅰ．Introduction 149

Ⅱ．The Nature of Cell Permeability 151

Ⅲ．The Mathematical Treatment of Permeability 154

Ⅵ．Significance of Permeability Constants 164

References 169

The Sodium and Potassium Balance of Muscle and Nerve＆BY H．BURR STEINBACH,The University of Minnesota,Minneapolis,Minnesota 173

Ⅰ．Introduction 173

Ⅱ．The Normal Distribution of Sodium and Potassium in Muscle and Nerve 176

Ⅲ．Alterations in Sodium and Potassium Contents of Muscle and Nerve 177

Ⅳ．Permeability of Muscle and Nerve to Sodium and Potassium 179

Ⅴ．Active Transport of Sodium in Muscle and Nerve 181

Ⅵ．Sodium and Potassium Binding in Muscle and Nerve 183

Ⅶ．The Biological Significance of Sodium and Potassium Distribution in Muscle and Nerve 186

Ⅷ．Sodium and Potassium in Phenomena of Excitability and Conduction 189

References 191

Mechanism and Properties of Bioelectric-Potentials＆BY HARRY GRUNDFEST,College of Physicians and Surgeons,Columbia University,New York,New York 193

Ⅰ．Introduction 193

Ⅱ．Excitation 195

Ⅲ．Physical Constants of the Nerve Fiber 200

Ⅳ．Physiological Consequences of the Physical Properties 202

Ⅴ．Local and Propagated Activity 204

Ⅵ．The Bioelectric Generator 207

Ⅶ．The Compound Spike 213

Ⅷ．Some Correlates of the After-Potentials 221

References 226

Chemical Mechanisms of Nerve Activity＆BY DAVID NACHMANSOHN,College of Physicians and Surgeons,Columbia University,New York,New York 229

Ⅰ．Introduction:Signs of Nerve Activity Recorded by Physical Methods 230

Ⅱ．Chemical Mechanisms of Nerve Activity 236

Ⅲ．Summary 268

References 272

Transmission Processes at Nerve-Muscle Junctions＆BY STEPHEN W．KUFFLER,Wilmer Institute,The Johns Hopkins Hospital and University,Baltimore,Maryland 277

Ⅰ．Introduction 277

Ⅱ．The Mechanism of Transmission 279

Ⅲ．General Comment 286

Ⅳ．Summary 288

References 289

On Ultrastructure and Function in Nerve．Nonelectrical,Physical Aspects of Excitation and Conduction,as Deduced Primarily from Polarization Experiments＆BY JULIAN M．TOBIAS,Department of Physiology,University of Chicago,Chicago,Illinois 291

Ⅰ．Introductory Remarks:General Framework within Which Polarization Experiments Are Oriented 291

Ⅱ．Rationale and Justification for Extending Polarization Experiments 295

Ⅲ．Results of Certain Polarization Experiments 298

Ⅳ．Long Axis Ion Displacement Experiments and Certain Pertinent Calculations 304

Ⅴ．Probable Nonelectrical,Physical Components of the Propagating Nerve Impulse Tentatively Predictable from the above Considerations:Question of Net Changes and the Role of Metabolism 310

Ⅵ．To What Extent Is There Evidence,from Direct Observations on Conducting Axones,Which Supports or Negates the above Predictions? 313

Ⅶ．Concluding Remarks 315

Addendum 318

References 318

Problems in the Comparative Physiology of Nervous Systems＆BY C．LADD PROSSER,University of Illinois,Urbana,Illinois 323

Ⅰ．Intracellular Participation in Conduction 323

Ⅱ．Origin of Nervous Function and Evolutionary Trends 325

Ⅲ．Junctional Transmission 325

Ⅳ．Mechanism of Action of Acetylcholine,Adrenaline,and Tyramine 331

Ⅴ．Inhibition 334

Ⅵ．Spontaneous Activity 334

Ⅶ．Persistent Changes in Excitability 335

References 335

Biochemical Evolution＆BY GEORGE WALD,The Biological Laboratories,Harvard University,Cambridge,Massachusetts 337

Ⅰ．Introduction 337

Ⅱ．Immunological Relations 339

Ⅲ．Creatine and Arginine 342

Ⅳ．Biochemical Recapitulation and Metamorphosis 345

Ⅴ．Ionic and Osmotic Relations 349

Ⅵ．Carotenoids and Light Reception 354

Ⅶ．Heme Pigments 362

References 372

Thermodynamics and Muscle＆By A．SZENT-GY？RGYI,The Institute for Muscle Research,Marine Biological Laboratory,Woods Hole,Massachusetts 377

References 393

Studies on the Contractile Protein System of Muscle＆BY W．F．H．M．MOMMAERTS,Department of Biochemistry,Duke University School of Medicine,Durham,North Carolina 395

Ⅰ．The Purification of Myosin 396

Ⅱ．Molecular Morphology of Myosin 397

Ⅲ．The Properties of Actin 398

Ⅳ．The Actomyosin Complex 400

Ⅴ．The Effect of ATP upon Actomyosin Systems 402

References 403

On the Mechanism of Drug Action＆BY OTTO LOEWI,Department of Pharmacology,New York University Medical School,New York 405

Ⅰ．Introduction 405

Ⅱ．Goals of Pharmacology 406

Ⅲ．Drugs and the Cell Surface 406

Ⅳ．Penetration through the Cell Membrane 408

Ⅴ．First Interaction between Drug and Cell 410

Ⅵ．The Role of Spatial Configuration and Chemical Modifications 411

Ⅶ．The Role of Enzymes 413

Ⅷ．Mode of Action of Organ-Specific Drugs 416

References 423

Some Metal Complexes with Proteins and Other Large Molecules＆BY IRVING M．KLOTZ,Department of Chemistry and Department of Biological Sciences,Northwestern University,Evanston,Illinois 427

Ⅰ．Introduction 427

Ⅱ．Stoichiometry of Metal Complexes 428

Ⅲ．Bond Strength of Metal Complexes 432

Ⅳ．Molecular Nature of Metal-Protein Linkages 443

References 450

Some Consideration of the Chemical Structure and Biological Activity of Chymotrypsin＆BY HANS NEURATH,Deportment of Biochemistry,University of Washington,Seattle,Washington 453

Ⅰ．Introduction 453

Ⅱ．Properties of Chymotrypsinogen and Chymotrypsins 454

Ⅲ．The Biological Activity of Chymotrypsins 460

Ⅳ．General Considerations 467

References 468

The Oxidative Pathways of Carbohydrate Metabolism＆BY E．S．GUZMAN BARRON,The Chemical Division,Department of Medicine,The Uni ersity of Chicago,Chicago,Illinois 471

Ⅰ．Introduction 471

Ⅱ．Direct Oxidation of Carbohydrates 472

Ⅲ．Direct Phosphorylative Oxidation of Carbohydrates 476

Ⅳ．Pyruvate Metabolism 478

Ⅴ．Anaerobic Reactions of Pyruvic Acid 479

Ⅵ．Carbohydrate Oxidation after the Obligatory Phase of Fermentation 482

Ⅶ．Oxidation of Acetate 486

Ⅷ．Metabolism of Malate and the Reversibility of Oxalacetate Decarboxylation 498

Ⅸ．Conclusion 502

References 503

AUTHOR INDEX 509

SUBJECT INDEX 525