NATIONAL AND INTERNATIONAL LAW ENFORCEMENT IN THE OCEANPDF电子书下载

INTRODUCTION AND SUMMARY 1

INTRODUCTION 1

SUMMARY OF RECOMMENDATIONS 2

Fishing 2

Marine Pollution 3

Navigation 4

Research 5

Continental Shelf Activities 5

Deep Ocean Activities 5

GOALS FOR ADEQUATE LOS ENFORCEMENT SYSTEM 6

OCEAN LAW ENFORCEMENT 9

FISHERIES 10

Trend in Decisions 10

Internal Waters and Territorial Sea 10

Coastal State Authority over Adjacent Ocean Areas 10

International Treaty Provisions 12

Surveillance 12

Stopping and Boarding 14

Inspection 15

Post-Inspection Actions 16

Reporting 16

Arrest or Seizure 17

Trial and Sanctions 18

National Fisheries Law Enforcement 19

Law of the Sea (LOS) Proposals 28

200-Mile Territorial Sea 29

Economic Zone Proposals 29

The United States Proposal 29

The African Proposal 30

The Soviet Proposal 31

E.E.C. Fisheries Proposal 32

LOS Single Negotiating Text 33

Appraisal and Recommendation 35

Appraisal 35

200-Mile Territorial Sea 35

Economic Zone:U.S. Proposal 36

Economic Zone:African Proposal 38

Economic Zone:Soviet Proposal 39

Fisheries Proposal:EEC 39

LOS Single Negotiating Text 40

Recommendation 41

MARINE POLLUTION 47

Trend in Decisions 47

Vessel-Source Pollution 47

Surveillance 48

Inspection 48

Notice 50

Arrest 50

Trial and Sanctions 51

Settlement of Disputes 53

Marine Pollution: Non-Vessel Marine Sources 53

LOS Proposals 54

Vessel-Source Pollution 54

LOS Single Negotiating Text 60

Non-Vessel Marine Sources:Within National Jurisdiction 63

LOS Single Negotiating Text 64

Non-Vessel Marine Sources:Beyond National Jurisdiction 65

LOS Single Negotiating Text 66

Appraisal and Recommendation 67

Vessel-Source Pollution 67

Vessel Activity Outside National Jurisdiction 68

Prescription 68

Flag State Enforcement Competence 68

Port State Enforcement Competence 69

International Enforcement Competence 69

Vessel Activity Within National Jurisdiction 70

Prescription 70

Flag State Enforcement Competence 71

Coastal State Enforcement Competence 72

Port State Enforcement Competence 73

International Enforcement Competence 73

African Economic Zone Proposal 73

Nigeria 74

Kenya 74

Canada and others 75

Canada 76

Ecuador and others 76

France 77

Federal Republic of Germany 77

Greece 78

Norway 79

The Netherlands 79

United States 79

The LOS Single Negotiating Text 81

Flag State Competences 81

Port State Competences 82

Coastal State Competence 83

Non-Vessel Source Marine Pollution 83

LOS Single Negotiating Text 86

NAVIGATION 88

Trend in Decisions 88

Internal Waters 88

Territorial Sea 88

Areas Beyond the Territorial Sea 88

LOS Proposals 90

Archipelagic Waters 90

Territorial Sea 93

Definition of Coastal Interests 94

Scope of Coastal Authority to Prescribe Laws and Regulations 95

LOS Single Negotiating Text 98

Scope of Coastal Authority to Apply Laws and Regulations 99

LOS Single Negotiating Text 100

Straits 100

LOS Single Negotiating Text 105

Economic Zone 105

LOS Single Negotiating Text 107

Appraisal and Recommendation 107

Archipelagic Waters 107

Territorial Sea 108

Economic Zone 108

RESEARCH 110

Trend in Decision 110

LOS Proposals 110

LOS Single Negotiating Text 111

The Economic Zone 111

The Areas beyond National Jurisdiction 112

Appraisal and Recommendation 114

CONTINENTAL SHELF ACTIVITIES 116

Trend in Decision 116

LOS Proposals 117

Appraisal and Recommendation 118

DEEP OCEAN ACTIVITIES 121

Trend in Decision 121

LOS Proposals 121

LOS Single Negotiating Text 122

Appraisal and Recommendation 124

COMMON ELEMENTS OF ENFORCEMENT PROBLEM 126

SURVEILLANCE AND INSPECTION 126

Record or Log Books 127

Automatic Monitoring Devices 128

In-Port Inspection of Vessels 128

Remote Sensing 129

Tagging of Cargoes 130

On-Site Observers 130

Inspection of Offshore Installations 130

Inspection of Vessels at Sea 130

HOT PURSUIT 131

TRIAL AND SANCTIONS PHASE 132

DISPUTE SETTLEMENT 134

FAILURE TO NEGOTIATE EFFECTIVE LOS AGREEMENTS 137

FOOTNOTES 140

APPENDIX Ⅰ INTERNATIONAL FISHERIES ENFORCEMENT MATRIX 184

Legend 188

Footnotes 193

APPENDIX Ⅱ INTERNATIONAL AGREEMENTS ON MARINE POLLUTION CONTROL 198

Outline of Contents 198

Appendix 200

Footnotes 225

APPENDIX Ⅲ TABLE OF TREATIES CONSULTED IN PREPARATION OF THE STUDY 236

APPENDIX Ⅳ TABLE OF ACRONYMS 244