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Chapter 1 The Origins of Shipping 1

The Setting and the Beginning:The Ancient Mariners 1

Early Sea Law:The Custom of Phoenician,Greek,and Rhodian Sea Trade 4

Codification of Early Sea Law:Roman Marine Policy 10

Ocean Chaos Leads to New Sea Law:Roman Decline and Mediterranean City-States 15

Conclusions 19

Chapter 2 The Evolution of Marine Transport 25

The Expansion of European Sea Trade 25

Sovereignty Over the Open Seas:The Early Claims 30

The Enlarged Oceans:The Age of Discovery 33

Colonies and Conquests:Sea Trade and Maritime Conflict 36

The Birth of the Modern Law of the Sea:The Times of Grotius 43

Conclusions:Maritime Law and Policy at the End of the Seventeenth Century 50

New Oceanic Rivalries:France as a Maritime Power 51

Conclusions:Maritime Law and Policy at the End of the Eighteenth Century 61

Chapter 3 The Making of a Maritime State 71

England's Path to Maritime Leadership amid Political Instability 71

The Congress of Vienna and the New European Public Order 78

The Worldwide Expansion of British Commerce and Sea Trade 80

Shipping-Technology Revolution:From Sail to Steam 90

The New Route to the East:The Suez Canal 93

Maritime Commerce,Law,and Policy and the Industrial Revolution 95

Conclusions:A Maritime State Created 98

Chapter 4 The Creation of Maritime Power 107

The Commencement of the Division between Commercial Rules and Public Policy 107

The Emergence of New Maritime States 111

New Aspects of International Marine-Transport Law and Policy 114

Conclusions:Maritime Law and Policy at the End of the Nineteenth Century 131

Empires and Colonies,Ships and Trade Routes:The Rivalry for World Power 133

Conclusions:Maritime Policies and World Power on Collision Course 145

The Growth of the Law of Nations:Last Hope for Humanity 147

Conclusions:The Eve of World War I 156

Chapter 5 World Shipping in War and Peace 167

Prelude to World War I:Preparations in Europe and Adventures in Asia 167

The War at Sea:The Disappearance of International Law 170

Conclusions:The End of World War Ⅰ 178

Petroleum:New Energy Source with Revolutionary Shipping Implications 180

World Shipping in the Interwar Years 188

Conclusions:The Eve of World War Ⅱ 200

International Maritime Law in an Unstable Era 202

Prelude to World War Ⅱ:Aggression in Asia and Africa,Unrest in Europe 209

Total War at Sea:The Struggle for Control of the Oceans 213

Conclusions:Victory at Sea 220

Chapter 6 The Internationalization of Marine Transport 233

Introduction:A New Economic System Emerges from the War 233

The Creation of the United Nations:Search for World Peace and Stability 240

The Law and Policy of World Shipping in the Aftermath of World War Ⅱ 245

The Law of the Sea:The Divergence of Ocean-Use Interests 248

IMCO:The First Difficult Decade 255

The United Nations and the Law of the Sea 260

The Changing Political World:Emergence of the Third World 272

The Ocean Environment:Marine-Pollution Law and Policy 284

Maritime Law and Policy in a New Era 291

Chapter 7 New Challenges for Marine Transport 307

Introduction:Shipping and the Lessons of History 307

The Third United Nations Conference on the Law of the Sea 316

The Environment:New Challenges for a Fragile System 321

IMCO:The Second Important Decade 339

UNCTAD and the New International Economic Order 346

The New Direction of Marine Transport 356

Conclusions:The International Law and Policy of Marine Transport in a changing World 361

Bibliography 377

List of Statutes 411

List of Cases 413

Index 415

About the Author 425