Chapter 1 The Origins of Shipping 1
The Setting and the Beginning:The Ancient Mariners 1
Early Sea Law:The Custom of Phoenician,Greek,and Rhodian Sea Trade 4
Codification of Early Sea Law:Roman Marine Policy 10
Ocean Chaos Leads to New Sea Law:Roman Decline and Mediterranean City-States 15
Conclusions 19
Chapter 2 The Evolution of Marine Transport 25
The Expansion of European Sea Trade 25
Sovereignty Over the Open Seas:The Early Claims 30
The Enlarged Oceans:The Age of Discovery 33
Colonies and Conquests:Sea Trade and Maritime Conflict 36
The Birth of the Modern Law of the Sea:The Times of Grotius 43
Conclusions:Maritime Law and Policy at the End of the Seventeenth Century 50
New Oceanic Rivalries:France as a Maritime Power 51
Conclusions:Maritime Law and Policy at the End of the Eighteenth Century 61
Chapter 3 The Making of a Maritime State 71
England's Path to Maritime Leadership amid Political Instability 71
The Congress of Vienna and the New European Public Order 78
The Worldwide Expansion of British Commerce and Sea Trade 80
Shipping-Technology Revolution:From Sail to Steam 90
The New Route to the East:The Suez Canal 93
Maritime Commerce,Law,and Policy and the Industrial Revolution 95
Conclusions:A Maritime State Created 98
Chapter 4 The Creation of Maritime Power 107
The Commencement of the Division between Commercial Rules and Public Policy 107
The Emergence of New Maritime States 111
New Aspects of International Marine-Transport Law and Policy 114
Conclusions:Maritime Law and Policy at the End of the Nineteenth Century 131
Empires and Colonies,Ships and Trade Routes:The Rivalry for World Power 133
Conclusions:Maritime Policies and World Power on Collision Course 145
The Growth of the Law of Nations:Last Hope for Humanity 147
Conclusions:The Eve of World War I 156
Chapter 5 World Shipping in War and Peace 167
Prelude to World War I:Preparations in Europe and Adventures in Asia 167
The War at Sea:The Disappearance of International Law 170
Conclusions:The End of World War Ⅰ 178
Petroleum:New Energy Source with Revolutionary Shipping Implications 180
World Shipping in the Interwar Years 188
Conclusions:The Eve of World War Ⅱ 200
International Maritime Law in an Unstable Era 202
Prelude to World War Ⅱ:Aggression in Asia and Africa,Unrest in Europe 209
Total War at Sea:The Struggle for Control of the Oceans 213
Conclusions:Victory at Sea 220
Chapter 6 The Internationalization of Marine Transport 233
Introduction:A New Economic System Emerges from the War 233
The Creation of the United Nations:Search for World Peace and Stability 240
The Law and Policy of World Shipping in the Aftermath of World War Ⅱ 245
The Law of the Sea:The Divergence of Ocean-Use Interests 248
IMCO:The First Difficult Decade 255
The United Nations and the Law of the Sea 260
The Changing Political World:Emergence of the Third World 272
The Ocean Environment:Marine-Pollution Law and Policy 284
Maritime Law and Policy in a New Era 291
Chapter 7 New Challenges for Marine Transport 307
Introduction:Shipping and the Lessons of History 307
The Third United Nations Conference on the Law of the Sea 316
The Environment:New Challenges for a Fragile System 321
IMCO:The Second Important Decade 339
UNCTAD and the New International Economic Order 346
The New Direction of Marine Transport 356
Conclusions:The International Law and Policy of Marine Transport in a changing World 361
Bibliography 377
List of Statutes 411
List of Cases 413
Index 415
About the Author 425