THE LAW OF DEEP SEA-BED MININGPDF电子书下载

Preface 11

Abbreviations 13

List of Cases 15

PART ONE-Overview 19

Chapter One-Preliminary Remarks 19

1.1 General Introduction 19

1.1.1 Presentation of the Problem 19

1.1.2 The Purpose of the Study 23

1.1.3 The Approach to the Problem 24

1.2 Deep Sea-Bed and Its Mineral Resources 26

1.2.1 Basic Facts 27

1.2.2 The Economic Significance of the Deep Sea-Bed 30

1.2.3 The Technology for Deepsea Mining 31

1.2.4 The Actors 33

1.3 The United Nations' Response 36

1.3.1 The Sea-Bed Committee 36

1.3.2 The Conference 39

1.3.2.1 The Structure 40

1.3.2.2 The Procedure 42

1.3.2.3 The Progress of the Work 45

1.3.3 The Convention 48

Chapter Two-The Frontiers of the Deep Sea-Bed 51

2.1 The Era of Coastal Claims to the Sea-Bed 53

2.1.1 Background to the Claims before 1945 53

2.1.2 Truman Proclamations of 1945 55

2.1.3 The Work of the International Law Commission 58

2.1.4 The United Nations Conferences in 1958 and 1960 60

2.1.5 North Sea Continental Shelf Cases 63

2.2 The Era of Community Claims to the Sea-Bed 65

2.2.1 The Sea-Bed Committee 66

2.2.2 UNCLOS Ⅲ 68

2.3 Article 76 73

Appraisal 79

PART TWO-The Legal Status of the Deep Sea-Bed 85

Chapter Three-The Classical Bases of Claims to the Sea-Bed 85

3.1 Claims of Rights Based on Res Nullius Concept 87

3.2 Claims of Rights Based on Res Communis Concept and the Freedom of the High Seas 103

3.3 Claims of Rights Based on Non-Prohibition in International Law 112

Appraisal 115

Chapter Four-The Principle of the Common Heritage of Mankind 119

4.1 Developments During 1967-1970 119

4.1.1 Malta's Proposal 119

4.1.2 Reactions to Malta's Proposal 121

4.1.3 The Content of Malta's Proposal and the Item before the Sea-Bed Committee 122

4.1.4 Attitude of Different States about the Deep Sea-Bed at the Time of Submission of Malta's Proposal 122

4.1.5 Malta and the Common Heritage of Mankind 123

4.1.6 Opponents to the Common Heritage of Mankind 124

4.1.7 Supporters of the Common Heritage of Mankind 126

4.1.8 Moratorium Resolution 130

4.2 Declaration of Principles 132

4.2.1 The Long Way to the Compromise 132

4.2.2 Adoption of the Declaration 133

4.2.3 Declaration and the Question of the Legal Status of the Deep Sea-Bed 134

4.2.4 The Binding Force of the Declaration 140

4.3 Development of the Common Heritage Principle Since 1970 149

4.3.1 An Encroachment to the Common Heritage:EEZ 149

4.3.2 Developments inside the United Nations 151

4.3.3 Developments outside the United Nations 157

4.4 The Legal Status of the Deep Sea-Bed and the Convention 164

Appraisal 167

PART THREE-The Constituent Elements of the Legal Regime for the Deep Sea-Bed 171

Chapter Five-Utilization System 171

5.1 The Development of the Utilization System in the United Nations 171

5.1.1 From Hopeful Optimism to Stalemate,1969-1976 172

5.1.1.1 Utilization of the Area for Peaceful Purposes 173

5.1.1.2 Utilization of the Resources for the Benefit of Mankind 175

5.1.1.3 Initial Negotiating Positions 178

5.1.1.4 Polarization of the Issue 180

5.1.2 Towards a Compromise,1977-1980 188

5.1.3 A Return to Disparity,1981-1982 201

5.2 Utilization System in the Convention 203

5.2.1 The Right of Access 207

5.2.1.1 Technology Transfer 209

5.2.1.2 Site-Banking Scheme 211

5.2.1.3 Financial Undertakings 211

5.2.2 The Balance of Rights 215

5.2.2.1 Restrictive Measures 215

5.2.2.2 Preferential Measures 218

5.2.3 Viability of the Parallel System 222

5.3 Utilization System outside the Convention 225

5.3.1 General Features of National Legislation 228

5.3.1.1 Definitions 228

5.3.1.2 Declared Purposes 229

5.3.1.3 Legal Bases 230

5.3.2 Rights and Obligations under National Legislation 233

5.3.2.1 Scope of Activities 234

5.3.2.2 Temporal Scope 235

5.3.2.3 Subjects of Law 235

5.3.2.4 Qualifications of Applicants 237

5.3.2.5 Size and Number of Mine Sites 238

5.3.2.6 Similarities with the Provisions of the Convention 238

5.3.2.7 Financial Terms 239

5.3.3 National Legislation and Existing International Law 242

Appraisal 252

Chapter Six-Utilization Machinery 255

6.1 The Need for an International Machinery 256

6.2 The International Sea-Bed Authority 266

6.2.1 The Status and General Features 266

6.2.2 The Mandate and Functions 267

6.2.2.1 Organizing Function 267

6.2.2.2 Controlling Function 268

6.2.2.3 Administering Function 269

6.2.3 Organs of the Authority 271

6.2.3.1 The Assembly 272

6.2.3.2 The Council 273

1.Composition 274

2.Voting Procedure 275

3.Organs 278

4.Power Distribution between the Assembly and the Council 280

6.2.3.3 The Enterprise 283

6.2.3.4 The Secretariat 286

6.3 Settlement of Disputes Relating to the Deepsea Mining 287

6.3.1 Disputes Settlement System of the Convention 287

6.3.1.1 Development of the System 287

6.3.1.2 Types of Fora 290

6.3.2 Disputes Relating to the Activities in the Area 292

6.3.2.1 Institutions 293

6.3.2.2 Scope of Jurisdiction 294

1.Advisory Opinion 294

2.Contentious Procedures 295

6.3.2.3-Procedures and Applicable Law 300

Appraisal 302

PART FOUR-A View of the Future 309

Chapter Seven-Interim Arrangements 309

7.1 Features of the Preparatory Commission 310

7.1.1 Purposes and Functions 310

7.1.2 Organization 311

7.1.3 Decision-Making 311

7.2 Issues before the Commission 313

7.2.1 Preparatory Investment Protection 313

7.2.2 Establishment of the Authority and the Tribunal 321

7.2.2.1 Rules of Procedure of the Organs of the Authority 322

7.2.2.2 Developing Land-Based Producer States 324

7.2.2.3 The Enterprise 326

7.2.2.4 The Sea-Bed Mining Code 329

7.2.2.5 The Law of the Sea Tribunal 331

Appraisal 333

Chapter Eight-General Conclusions 335

Bibliography 343

Index 357