LAW AND THE HUMAN BODY PROPERTY RIGHTSPDF电子书下载

CHAPTER 1 INTRODUCTION 1

A Biological Materials and Scientific Research 3

1 Human Tissue Collections and Genetic Databases 3

（a） Tissue Collections 4

（b） Genetic Databases 5

2 Biological Materials 8

（a） Physical Manifestations 8

（b） Genetic Information 11

B Legal Framework 12

1 Legal Status of Biological Materials 12

2 Proprietary Protection 13

3 Non-proprietary Protection 15

C Structure 20

PART Ⅰ 25

CHAPTER 2 DEAD BODY 25

A No Property Principle 25

B Property Rights 28

1 Work or Skill Exception 28

2 Constitutional Protection 40

3 Tort of Wrongful Interference 42

4 Summary 46

C Non-proprietary Interests 46

1 Right to Possession for Burial 47

2 Quasi-property Rights 51

3 Statutory Rights to Possession 53

4 Protection under Tort Law 55

5 Solatium for Affront 56

6 Respect for Private and Family Life 59

7 Summary 60

D Conclusion 60

CHAPTER 3 LIVING BODY 63

A Slavery 64

B Rejection of Individual Property Rights 64

1 Moore v Regents of the University of California 65

2 Greenberg v Miami Children’s Hospital 71

3 Washington University v Catalona 73

4 Summary 78

C Property Rights 78

1 Biological Materials 79

（a） Statute 79

（b） Common Law 82

（c） Summary 87

2 Cell-lines 87

3 Gametes 88

（a） Statute 88

（b） Common Law 91

4 Hair Clippings 92

5 Waste Products 94

6 Summary 95

D Non-proprietary Interests 96

1 Statute 96

2 Common Law 98

3 Summary 100

E Conclusion 100

CHAPTER 4 HUMAN TISSUE ACT 2004 103

A Human Tissue Act 2004 103

1 Consent Requirements 105

2 Exceptions to Consent Requirements 108

3 Prohibition on Commercial Dealing 113

（a） Original Clause 29 113

（b） Section 32 116

4 Non-consensual DNA Analysis Offence 119

5 Summary 120

B Conclusion 121

PART Ⅱ 125

CHAPTER 5 PROPERTY RIGHTS 125

A Question 125

B Transformation of Biological Materials 127

C Creation of Property Rights 128

1 Work or Skill Exception 129

2 First Possession 130

3 Specification Doctrine 131

（a） Background 131

（b） Elements 133

（c） Application to Work or Skill Exception 141

（d） General Principle 143

D Conclusion 143

CHAPTER 6 CREATION AND ALLOCATION OF PROPERTY RIGHTS 145

A Property Principles 145

1 Detachment 145

2 Detachment plus Intention 150

（a） Judicial Support 151

（b） Intention 151

（c） Diffculties 152

3 Summary 155

B Application 155

1 Original Biological Materials 156

（a） Transfer 156

（b） Abandonment 158

（c） Remedies 160

（d） Summary 163

2 Additional Biological Materials 163

（a） Medical and Scientific Research 163

（b） Intellectual Property 164

（c） Specification and Accession 165

（d） Application 169

（e） Summary 171

C Conclusion 171

CHAPTER 7 NON-PROPRIETARY INTERESTS 173

A Protected Interests 173

B English Law 175

1 Autonomy 175

（a） Underlying Value 176

（b） Wrongs 179

2 Emotional Distress 189

（a） Definition 190

（b） Wrongs 190

3 Summary 197

C Developing Liability 197

1 Protected Interests 198

2 Conduct 198

3 Elements 199

D Conclusion 201

CHAPTER 8 CONCLUSION 203

Index 205