Crime Scene Investigation and ReconstructionPDF电子书下载

Chapter 1 INTRODUCTION TO PHYSICAL EVIDENCE 1

Key Words 1

Introduction 1

Types, Value, and Advantages of Physical Evidence 3

Categories of Physical Evidence 3

Laboratory Analysis of Physical Evidence 3

Types of Evidence 4

Value of Physical Evidence 4

Some Advantages of Physical Evidence 7

Major Categories of Physical Evidence 8

Class and Individual Characteristics of Physical Evidence 9

Laboratory Analysis of Physical Evidence 11

Comparison Standards and Controls 14

Ethical, Legal, and Scientific Requirements for Evidence Collection 16

Summary 26 Review Questions 27

Further References 27

Appendix 1-A Crime Scene Search and Seizure Law 28

Appendix 1-B Consent to Search and Completed Search Forms 45

Chapter 2 CRIME SCENE SEARCH PRINCIPLES 47

Key Words 47

Introduction 47

Department Orders Regarding Crime Scenes 48

First Responders at the Scene 48

Crime Scene Investigator 52

Contact the First Responder at the Scene 54

Establish a Command Center for the Operation 54

Establish a Plan for Processing the Scene 55

Data To Be Compiled Before Collection Process 56

Crime Scene Search: Be Systematic! 57

Separate Areas/Collectors 60

Systematic Search Methods 61

Finishing the Crime Scene Search: Debriefing 62

Final Survey of the Crime Scene 63

Summary 63

Review Questions 65

Further References 65

Appendix 2-A Sample Crime Scene Entry Log 66

Appendix 2-B Customized Crime Scene Search Kits 67

Level of Crime Scene Search Kit Needed 67

Chapter 3 CRIME SCENE PHOTOGRAPHY 74

Key Words 74

Introduction 74

Objectives of Crime Scene Photography 75

Number of Photographs at the Scene 75

Conditions at the Scene 76

Choice of Camera Type for Crime Scene Photography 76

Type of Film for Crime Scene Photography 78

Videotaping of Crime Scenes 78

Suggested Systematic Approach 79

Log of All Photographs Taken 79

Types of Photographs of a Crime Scene 79

Basic Camera and Photography Information 86

Summary 91

Review Questions 92

Further References 93

Appendix 3-A Basic Equipment List For Crime Scene Photography 94

Appendix 3-B Common Photography Terminology 96

Chapter 4 CRIME SCENE SKETCHES 102

Key Words 102

Introduction 102

Value of Sketches 102

Objectives of Crime Scene Sketches 103

Rules of Thumb for Sketches 103

Additional Points to Keep in Mind 104

Types of Sketches 106

Preparation of Sketches: Suggested Systematic Procedure 115

Measurement Techniques 117

Summary 122

Review Questions 122

Chapter 5 LATENT FINGERPRINT EVIDENCE 124

Key Words 124

Introduction 124

Types of Fingerprints and Impressions 126

Age of the Latent Fingerprint 130

Nature of the Latent Print Deposit 130

Development of Latents 131

General Considerations for Latent Prints 131

Techniques Suitable for the Crime Scene 133

Sequential Approaches to Latent Impression Detection and Collection 139

Wet Surfaces: Dry at Room Temp; Treat as for Dry Surfaces 141

Sequencing of Methods for Latent Development 141

Submission of Latent Print Evidence To The Laboratory 148

Summary 151

Review Questions 154

Further References 154

Glossary of Acronyms for Table 5-1 154

Appendix 5-A Safety Precautions for Latent Print Development 157

General Guidelines for Safety 157

Guidelines for Safety at the Crime Scene 158

Safety Guidelines in the Laboratory 158

Guidelines for Biological Hazards 159

Guidelines for Safety at Autopsies 159

Chapter 6 TRACE EVIDENCE 160

Key Words 160

Introduction 160

Hair Evidence 161

Fiber Evidence 174

Glass Evidence 178

Paint Evidence 181

Soil Evidence 186

Arson Accelerant Evidence 190

Summary 195

Review Questions 197

Further References 198

Chapter 7 BIOLOGICAL FLUID STAIN EVIDENCE: BLOOD, SEMEN,AND SALIVA 199

Key Words 199

Introduction 199

Bloodstain Evidence 200

DNA Analysis of Biological Stains 210

Semen Evidence 212

Saliva Evidence 215

Summary 216

Review Questions 217

Further References 218

Appendix 7-A Safety Precautions For Blood And Biological Fluids 219

Chapter 8 FIREARMS EVIDENCE 220

Key Words 220

Introduction 220

Firearm Cartridges 220

Laboratory Examinations of Firearms Evidence 230

Collection of Firearms Evidence 231

Recovery of Fired Ammunition Components 233

Gunshot Residues (GSR) 235

Summary 241

Review Questions 243

Further References 243

Appendix 8-A Class Characteristics For Some Handguns And Other Firearms 244

Chapter 9 IMPRESSION EVIDENCE 260

Key Words 260

Introduction 260

Laboratory Examinations of Impression Evidence 261

Collection of Impression Evidence 265

Toolmark Evidence Collection 275

Fracture Evidence 278

Summary 281

Review Questions 282

Further References 283

Chapter 10 DRUG AND ALCOHOL EVIDENCE 284

Key Words 284

Drug Evidence 284

Alcohol Evidence 289

Summary 291

Review Questions 292

Further References 293

Chapter 11 DOCUMENT EVIDENCE 294

Introduction 294

Functions of the Document Examiner 294

Collection of Document Evidence 296

Summary 299

Review Questions 299

Further References 300

Chapter 12 VEHICLE SCENE INVESTIGATIONS 301

Key Words 301

Introduction 301

General Automobile Search 302

Traffic Accident Investigations 302

Photographs at the Accident Scene 303

Accident Scene Sketches 304

Hit-and-Run Investigations: Vehicle Versus Pedestrian 306

Hit-and-Run Investigations: Vehicle Versus Vehicle 308

Vehicle Lights 309

Summary 311 Review Questions 312

Further References 312

Chapter 13 SEXUAL ASSAULT INVESTIGATIONS 313

Key Words 313

Introduction 313

Development of Modern Sexual Assault Investigation 314

Role of Physical Evidence in Sexual Assault Investigations 314

Evidence from the Crime Scene 315

Evidence from the Victim 317

Medical Examination of the Victim 321

Evidence from the Suspect 330

Examination of Adult Male Victim of Sexual Assault 335

Child Sexual Abuse Examination 338

Indications of Child Abuse 341

Summary 346

Review Questions 347

Further References 348

Appendix 13-A Swab Drying Box 348

Appendix 13-B Chain of Custody Form 349

Appendix 13-C Seal on Chain of Custody Envelopes 350

Chapter 14 HOMICIDE CRIME SCENE INVESTIGATIONS 351

Key Words 351

Introduction 351

Homicide Investigation Response Team (HIRT) 351

Additional Personnel Often Needed at Homicide Crime Scenes 352

At the Homicide Crime Scene 353

Postmortem Examination (Autopsy) Guide 356

Wrap-up Conference 364

Summary 364

Review Questions 367

Further References 368

Appendix 14-A Safety Precautions for Homicide Crime Scenes 369

Appendix 14-B Safety Precautions for Postmortem Examinations (Autopsies) 370

Chapter 15 CRIME SCENE RECONSTRUCTION 371

Key Words 371

Introduction 371

Establishment of Expertise 372

Critical Thinking 375

Foundations for Crime Scene Reconstruction 376

Process of Crime Scene Reconstruction 377

Types of Reconstructions 381

Reconstructions Classified by Evidence Type Utilized 382

Reconstructions Based on Bloodstain Pattern Evidence 383

Reconstructions Based on Firearms Evidence 390

Summary 414

Review Questions 417

Further References 418

Appendix 15-A Crime Scene Reconstruction Checklist 419

Atthe Scene 419

Bloodstain Pattern Reconstructions 419

Firearms Shooting Incidents 419

Preparation for Reconstruction Effort 420

Appendix Ⅰ Crime Scene Report Writing 421

Introduction 421

Accuracy 421

Brevity 422

Clarity 422

Sketches/Photo Logs/Evidence Lists 423

Appendix Ⅱ Courtroom Testimony 425

Introduction 425

Courtroom Procedures 425

Helpful Hints for the Witness 426

Testimony Dos and Don'ts 428

Grand Juries 429

Appendix Ⅲ Forensic Science and Latent Fingerprint Texts 430

Appendix Ⅳ Physical Evidence Chart: Collection, Preservation, and Special Instructions for Physical Evidence 432

General Instructions 432

Appendix Ⅴ Computer Evidence 438

Conducting the Search and/or Seizure 438

Appendix Ⅵ Entomological Evidence 439

Introduction 439

At the Scene 439

Glossary 441

Endnotes 454

Index 458