OUTER SPACE PROBLEMS OF LAW AND POLICYPDF电子书下载

1 Some History and Background 1

SPACE HISTORY—THE BRICK MOON AND ALL THAT 1

W.McDougall,the Heavens and the Earth [The A-4] 3

W.McDougall,the Heavens and the Earth [Early Space Law] 5

Some Observations 10

Further Reading 11

THE SPACE ENVIRONMENT 11

Where Does Space Begin? 11

What's It Like Up There? 12

Meteoroids and Micrometeoroids 13

Vacuum and Microgravity 13

Getting There and Staying There 14

Rockets and Propulsion 16

When You Are There:What People Do in Space 18

Byerly,The Commercial/Industrial Uses of Space 18

Power Stations in the Sky 20

Further Reading 23

2 The International Law of Outer Space:Basic Principles 25

Introduction 25

The Roots of Space Law 27

Air and Sea Law:Rules Governing Overflight and Territorial Waters 28

DeSaussure,Maritime and Space Law 28

I.White,Decision-Making for Space 36

Center for Research of Air and Space Law,Space Activities and Emerging International Law 38

Notes 42

UN Efforts and Aspirations 43

McDougal ＆ Lipson,Perspectives for a Law of Outer Space 43

Notes 46

3 Early Treaties Governing Activity in Outer Space 49

Jessup ＆ Taubenfeld,The United Nations Ad Hoc Committee on the Peaceful Uses of Outer Space 50

The Limited Test Ban Treaty 52

Multilateral Treaty Banning Nuclear Weapon Tests 53

Note 55

Matte,The Treaty Banning Nuclear Weapons Tests in the Atmosphere,in Outer Space and Under Water 55

Note 61

The Outer Space Treaty of 1967 62

Multilateral Treaty on Principles Governing the Activities of States 63

Note 68

Dembling ＆ Arons,The Evolution of the Outer Space Treaty [Outer Space Treaty of 1967] 69

Note 77

Sovereignty,Property Rights,and Space Resources 77

Christol,Article 2 of the 1967 Principles Treaty Revisited 78

Notes 82

Arms Control Provisions 83

Orr,The Treaty on Outer Space 83

Note 88

Gorove,Arms Control Provisions in the Outer Space Treaty 89

Notes 93

4 Development and Defense:Treaties of the 1970s 95

The ABM Treaty 96

Background 97

Treaty Between the United States of America and the Union of Soviet Socialist Republics [ABM Treaty] 97

Note 98

The ABM "Reinterpretation," 98

Notes 100

The Moon Treaty 102

Agreement on Activities of States on the Moon and Other Celestial Bodies 102

Nash,Contemporary Practice of the United States Relating to International Law 110

Note 115

Spitz,Note,SPACE LAW—Agreement Governing the Activities of States on the Moon and Other Celestial Bodies 115

Notes 116

Galloway,Issues in Implementing the Agreement Governing the Activities of States on the Moon and Other Celestial Bodies 117

Note 118

Walsh,Controversial Issues Under Article ⅩⅠ of the Moon Treaty 119

Notes 120

Reynolds ＆ Merges,The Role of Commercial Development 121

Organizational Structures for Carrying Out the Moon Treaty 121

Galloway,Issues in Implementing the Agreement Governing the Activities of States on the Moon and Other Celestial Bodies 122

Notes 123

Christol,Alternative Models for a Future International Space Organization 124

Notes 126

Goedhuis,Some Recent Trends in the Interpretation and the Implementation of the Rules of International Space Law 127

Notes 131

Dupuy,The Notion of the Common Heritage of Mankind Applied to the Seabed 132

Note 133

Hufford,Ideological Rigidity vs.Political Reality 133

Notes 134

Developed World and Third World Views on Space Development 135

Finch ＆ Moore,the 1979 Moon Treaty Encourages Space Development 136

Notes 139

Dula,Free Enterprise and the Proposed Moon Treaty 139

Notes 144

Webber,Extraterrestrial Law on the Final Frontier 145

Notes 149

Rao,Common Heritage of Mankind and the Moon Treaty 150

Notes 152

A Note on the New International Economic Order 152

Notes 154

A Note on Common Property Resources and Efficient Allocation 155

Wihlborg ＆ Wijkman,Outer Space Resources in Efficient and Equitable Use 159

Notes 165

5 Other Treaties,Agreements,and Issues 167

The Liability Convention 167

Cohen,Cosmos 954 and the International Law of Satellite Accidents 168

Notes 175

Space Remote Sensing 178

Logsdon ＆ Monk,Remote Sensing from Space 178

Notes 185

Hamilton DeSaussure,Remote Sensing 185

Principles Relating to Remote Sensing of the Earth from Space 191

Rescue and Return of Astronauts 194

Registration of Spacecraft 195

Space Environmental Matters 195

6 Space Communications 199

Space and International Telecommunications 200

U.S.Regulation of Space Communications 204

Office of Commercial Space Policy,U.S.Department of Commerce,Space Commerce 204

Note 206

Senior Interagency Group on International Communication and Information Policy,A White Paper on New International Satellite Systems 206

Notes 217

Department of State [Legal Memorandum] 219

Notes 225

Direct Satellite Broadcasting 226

7 Space-Related International Trade Issues 229

Economics of Space Industries 230

Reynolds ＆ Merges,Toward an Industrial Policy for Outer Space 231

Before the Office of the United States Trade Representative Chairwoman,Section 301 Committee [Transpace Petition] 232

Note 234

Determination Under Section 301 of the Trade Act of 1974 235

Notes 236

Glenn Reynolds ＆ John Ragosta,International Trade in Launch Services 237

Note 238

Export Controls and Trade in Space-Related Goods and Services 238

McFadden,Snyder ＆ Schoettler,The Structure of Export Licensing 241

Notes 244

8 The Law of Private Commercial Activities in Outer Space 247

Jurisdiction 248

Office of Technology Assessment,Space Stations and the Law 248

Notes 254

Tort Law 258

Office of Technology Assessment,Space Stations and the Law 258

Note on Liability:Approaches and Standards 264

42 U.S.C.？2458b.Insurance and Indemnification 267

Comments on Proposed Regulations Governing Third-Party Liability Insurance for Commercial Space Launch Activities 268

Liability for Damage to Cargo 270

The Challenger Disaster 272

Contracts Relating to Outer Space 273

Contract for Launch Services 274

Notes 277

Sample Launch Agreement 278

Based on Agreement Between the United States of America Represented by the National Aeronautics and Space Administration and Satellite Business Systems for Launch and Associated Services 278

Notes 280

Intellectual Property 282

U.S.House of Representatives,99th Cong.,2d Sess.,Rept.99-788 283

H.R.2725,99th Congress,1st Session 286

Protecting Trade Secrets in Space 289

Reynolds,Book Review 289

Administrative Law:Regulation and Deregulation of Space Activities 290

Commercial Space Launch Act of 1984 290

Notes 294

Rules and Regulations,Department of Transportation 295

The Land Remote Sensing Commercialization Act 299

Land Remote Sensing Commercialization Act of 1984 299

Remote Sensing Regulations 301

Civilian Remote Sensing Licensing Regulations 302

Criticisms of Remote Sensing Regulations 303

Merges ＆ Reynolds,News Media Satellites and the First Amendment 303

Note 304

Extraterrestrial Contamination 304

9 Some Issues of the Future 307

Governance of Space Societies 307

Space Settlements and the Law:Address of Justice William J.Brennan,Jr. 307

Ragosta ＆ Reynolds,In Search of Governing Principles 309

Declaration of First Principles for the Governance of Outer Space Societies 310

Remarks of William J.Brennan,Jr.,Associate Justice,Supreme Court of the United States 314

Notes 316

Contact with Extraterrestrials 317

10 Conclusion 325

Reynolds,Structuring Development in Outer Space 326

Credits 331

Index 337