Linux操作系统内核实习 英文版PDF电子书下载

PART 1:OVERVIEW OF LINUX 1

1.The Evolution of Linux 1

2.General Kernel Responsibilities 4

2.1 Resource Abstraction 5

2.2 Sharing Resources 6

2.2.1 Managing Competition for Resources 6

2.2.2 Exclusive Use of a Resource 7

2.2.3 Managed Sharing 9

2.3 A Partition of OS Functions 9

3.Kernel Organization 10

3.1 Interrupts 12

3.2 Using Kernel Services 14

3.3 Serial Execution 17

3.4 Daemons 18

3.5 The Booting Procedure 19

3.5.1 The Boot Sector 19

3.5.2 Starting the Kernel 21

3.6 Logging In to the Machine 21

3.7 Control Flow in the Machine 22

4.Process and Resource Management 24

4.1 Running the Process Manager 25

4.1.1 System Call 26

4.1.2 Interrupts 26

4.2 Creating a New Task 27

4.3 The Scheduler 29

4.4 IPC and Synchronization 29

4.5 Protection Mechanism 30

5.Memory Management 31

5.1 Managing the Virtual Address Space 32

5.2 The Secondary Memory 33

5.3 Handling Missing Pages 33

5.4 Address Translation 34

6.Device Management 36

6.1 The Device Driver 38

6.2 Handling Interrupts 39

7.File Management 40

7.1 Mounting the File System 42

7.2 Opening a File 44

7.3 Reading and Writing the File 46

7.4 The Ext2 File System 47

8.Learning More about Linux 49

PART 2:EXERCISES 51

1.Observing Linux Behavior 55

Introduction 55

Problem Statement 58

Part A 58

Part D 59

Part B 59

Part C 59

Attacking the Problem 60

The/proc File System 60

Using argc and argv 61

Organizing a Solution 63

Saving Your Work in a Shared Laboratory 65

2.Shell Program 67

Introduction 67

Basic UNIX-Style Shell Operation 69

Putting a Process in the Background 72

I/O Redirection 73

Shell Pipes 74

Reading Multiple Input Streams 77

Problem Statement 77

Part A 77

Part B 78

Part C 78

Attacking the Problem 79

Organizing a Solution 79

Part A 79

Parts B and C 82

Introduction 83

3.Kernel Timers 83

How the Kernel Maintains the Time 84

Per Process Timers 85

Problem Statement 88

Part A 88

Part B 88

Part C 89

Attacking the Problem 89

Organization of the Linux Source Code 89

Signals 90

Organizing a Solution 93

Introduction 97

4.Kernel Modules 97

Module Organization 98

Module Installation and Removal 102

Problem Statement 103

Attacking the Problem 104

The read() Procedure 104

The End-of-File Condition 104

Compiling a Module 105

Installing and Removing a Module 105

The Clock Resolution Question 105

More Help 105

Introduction 107

5.System Calls 107

The System Call Linkage 108

Defining the System Call Number 109

Generating a System Call Stub 111

Kernel Function Organization 111

Referencing User-Space Memory Locations 113

Problem Statement 114

Port A 114

Part B 114

Attacking the Problem 114

The Kernel printk() Function 114

Organizing a Solution 115

Rebuilding the Kernel 116

Leaving a Clean Environment 118

6.Shared Memory 119

Introduction 119

The Shared Memory API 120

The Implementation 124

Problem Statement 130

Attacking the Problem 131

7.Virtual Memory 133

Introduction 133

The Virtual Address Space 135

Virtual Memory Areas 137

Address Translation 139

The Page FaultHandler 140

Primary Memory Allocation 143

Problem Statement 143

Part A:Instrument the Virtual Memory Manager 143

Part B:Reporting the Performance 144

Attackingthe Problem 144

Introduction 145

Blocking a Task 145

8.Synchronization Mechanisms 145

Wait Queues 147

Using Wait Queues 148

Problem Statement 152

Part A 152

Part B 152

Attacking the Problem 152

9.The Scheduler 155

Introduction 155

Process Management 155

Process States 159

Scheduler Implementation 160

Problem Statement 164

Fair-Share Scheduling 164

Part A 165

Part B 165

Attacking the Problem 165

Planning a Solution 165

Comparing Scheduler Performance 165

10.Device Drivers 167

Introduction 167

Driver Organization 169

Loadable Kernel Module Drivers 172

Example:A Disk Driver 173

Part B 176

Problem Statement 176

Part A 176

Attacking the Problem 177

11.File Systems 179

Introduction 179

The Virtual File System 182

Directories 186

Example:An MS-DOS File System 188

Problem Statement 190

Part A 190

Part B 190

The MS-DOS Disk Format 191

Part C 191

Attacking the Problem 191

The MS-DOS FAT 193

Using the Floppy Disk API 198

Planning a Solution 200

12.File I/O 205

Introduction 205

The Open and Close Operations 206

Read and Write Operations 208

Block Allocation 210

Buffer Management 210

Problem Statement 212

Part A 213

Part B 213

Part C 214

Part D 214

Attacking the Problem 214

The open() Function 214

Caching the FAT 215

A Solution Plan 216

Further Study 219

References 221

Index 223