成本管理 会计与控制 第2版PDF电子书下载

1 Introduction to Cost Accounting and Cost Management 1

1 Introduction to Cost Accounting and Cost Management 1

FINANCIAL，MANAGEMENT，AND COST ACCOUNTING 2

Early Accounting Systems 3

THE EVOLUTION OF ACCOUNTING 3

Accounting in the Twentieth Century 4

Total Quality Management 6

Customer Orientation 6

EMERGING THEMES IN COST ACCOUNTING 6

Advances in Information Technology 7

Time as a Competitive Element 7

Advances in the Manufacturing Environment 8

Growth of the Service Industry 10

Global Competition 10

A SYSTEMS APPROACH 10

COST MANAGEMENT-A CROSS-FUNCTIONAL PERSPECTIVE 12

THE ROLE OF TODAY S COST AND MANAGEMENT ACCOUNTANT 13

The Need for Flexibility 13

Behavioral Impact of Cost Information 13

Information for Planning，Controlling，and Decision Making 14

Line and Staff Positions 14

ACCOUNTING AND ETHICAL CONDUCT 16

Ethical Behavior 16

Standards of Ethical Conduct for Management Accountants 17

Ethical Conduct 19

CERTIFICATION 20

The CMA 20

The CPA 20

The CIA 21

2 Basic Cost Management Concepts 30

Part1 Fundamental Cost Management Concepts 30

■2 Basic Cost Management Concepts 30

A SYSTEMS FRAMEWORK 31

Accounting Information Systems 31

Relationship to Other Operational Systems and Functions 34

Different Systems for Different Purposes 36

COST ASSIGNMENT：DIRECT TRACING，DRIVER TRACING，AND ALLOCATION 37

Cost Objects 37

Accuracy of Assignments 38

PRODUCT AND SERVICE COSTS 42

Different Costs for Different Purposes 42

Product Costs and External Financial Reporting 43

EXTERNAL FINANCIAL STATEMENTS 46

Income Statement：Manufacturing Firm 46

Income Statement：Service Organization 48

ACTIVITY DRIVERS AND COST BEHAVIOR 48

Cost Behavior Concepts 48

Fixed Costs 50

■22 Productivity：Measurement and Control 51

Variable Costs 52

Mixed Costs 54

TRADITIONAL AND CONTEMPORARY COST MANAGEMENT SYSTEMS 55

Traditional Cost Management Systems：A Brief Overview 55

Contemporary Cost Management Systems：A Brief Overview 56

Choice of a Cost Management System 58

■3 Activity Cost Behavior 80

3 Activity Cost Behavior 80

COST BEHAVIOR AND THE RESOURCE USAGE MODEL 81

Time Horizon 81

Activities，Resource Usage，and Cost Behavior 82

Measures of Activity Output 84

Step-Cost Behavior 84

Activities and Mixed Cost Behavior 87

METHODS FOR SEPARATING MIXED COSTS INTO EIXED AND VARIABLE COMPONENTS 88

The High-Low Method 89

Scatterplot Method 91

The Method of Least Squares 94

RELIABILITY OF COST FORMULAS 96

Hypothesis Test of Parameters 97

Goodness-of-Fit Measures 97

Confidence Intervals 100

MULTIPLE REGRESSION 101

MANAGERIAL JUDGMENT 103

4 Product and Service Costing：Overhead Application and Job-Order System 126

■4 Product and Service Costing：Overhead Application and Job-Order System 126

Part2 Cost Accounting Systems 126

CHARACTERISTICS OF THE PRODUCTION PROCESS 127

Manufacturing Firms Versus Service Firms 127

Unique Versus Standardized Products and Services 130

Cost Accumulation 131

SETTING UP THE COST ACCOUNTING SYSTEM 131

Cost Measurement 132

Cost Assignment 135

OVERHEAD APPLICATION：A NORMAL COSTING VIEW 136

Predetermined Overhead Rates 136

Choosing the Activity Base 137

Choosing the Activity Level 138

The Basic Concept of Overhead Application 139

Disposition of Overhead Variances 141

THE JOB-ORDER COSTING SYSTEM：GENERAL DESCRIPTION 143

Overview of the Job-Order Costing System 143

Materials Requisitions 144

Job Time Tickets 146

Overhead Application 146

Unit Cost Calculation 147

JOB-ORDER COSTING：SPECIFIC COST FLOW DESCRIPTION 147

Accounting for Materials 147

Accounting for Direct Labor Cost 148

Accounting for Overhead 149

Accounting for Finished Goods 151

Accounting for Cost of Goods Sold 153

Accounting for Nonmanufacturing Costs 154

SINGLE VERSUS MULTIPLE OVERHEAD RATES 155

APPENDIX：ACCOUNTIGN FOR SPOILAGE IN A TRADITIONAL JOB ORDER SYSTEM 158

■5 Product and Service Costing：A Process Systems Approach 180

5 Product and Service Costing：A Process Systems Approach 180

PROCESS COSTING SYSTEMS：BASIC OPERATIONAL AND COST CONCEPTS 181

Cost Flows 181

The Production Report 184

Unit Cost 184

Service Organizations 185

PROCESS COSTING WITH NO WORK IN PROCESS INVENTORIES 185

JIT Manufacturing Firms 186

PROCESS COSTING WITH ENDING WORK IN PROCESS INVENTORIES 187

Equivalent Units as Output Measures 187

Cost of Production Report Illustrated 188

Nonuniform Application of Productive Inputs 189

Beginning Work in Process Inventories 190

FIFO COSTING METHOD 191

Step3：Computation of Unit Cost 192

Step4：Valuation of Inventories 192

Step1：Physical Flow Analysis 192

Step 2：Calculation of Equivalent Units 192

Step5：Cost Reconciliation 194

Journal Entries 194

WEIGHTED AVERAGE COSTING METHOD 196

Step1：Physical Flow Analysis 196

Step2：Calculation of Equivalent Units 197

Step3：Computation of Unit Cost 197

Step4：Valuation of Inventories 197

Production Report 198

Step5：Cost Reconciliation 198

FIFO Compared With Weighted Average 198

TREATMENT OF TRANSFERRED-IN GOODS 200

Step1：Physical Flow Schedule 201

Step2：Calculation of Equivalent Units 202

Step3：Computation of Unit Costs 202

Step4：Valuation of Inventories 202

OPERATION COSTING 203

Basics of Operations Costing 204

Operation Costing Example 205

APPENDIX：SPOILED UNITS 208

■6 Support Department Cost Allocation 231

6 Support Department Cost Allocation 231

AN OVERVIEW OF COST ALLOCATION 232

Types of Departments 232

Types of Allocation Bases 234

OBJECTIVES OF ALLOCATION 235

ALLOCATING ONE DEPARTMENT S COSTS TO ANOTHER DEPARTMENT 237

A Single Charging Rate 238

Dual charging Rates 238

Budgeted Versus Actual Usage 240

Fixed Versus Variable Bases：A Note of Caution 242

CHOOSING A SUPPORT DEPARTMENT COST ALLOCATION METHOD 243

Direct Method of Allocation 244

Sequential Method of Allocation 245

Reciprocal Method of Allocation 246

Comparison of the Three Methods 250

DEPARTMENAL OVERHEAD RATES AND PRODUCT COSTING 251

7 Joint Product and By-product Costing 268

■7 Joint Product and By-product Costing 268

GENERAL CHARACTERISTICS OF JOINT PRODUCTION 269

Cost Separability and the Need for Allocation 270

Distinction and Similarity Between Joint Products and Byproducts 271

Examples of Joint Products and By-prod-ucts 272

ACCOUNTING FOR JOINT PRODUCT COSTS 273

Benefits-Received Approaches 273

Allocation Based on Relative Market Value 276

ACCOUNTING FOR BY-PRODUCTS 279

Noncost Methods of Accounting for By-products 280

Cost Methods of Accounting for By-products 281

Output Decisions 282

EFFECT OF JOINT PRODUCT COSTS ON COST CONTROL AND DECISION MAKING 282

Pricing Joint Products 283

Further Processing Decisions 283

Pricing Based on Cost of Further Production 284

JOINT PRODUCTION OF SERVICES 285

Contemporary Cost Accounting 285

■8 Activity-Based Costing 300

8 Activity-Based Costing 300

Contemporary Cost Accounting 300

LIMITATIONS OF TRADITIONAL COST ACCOUNTING SYSTEMS 301

Plantwide and Departmental Rates 301

The Inadequacy of Plantwide and Departmental Rates 303

An Example Illustrating the Failure of Unit-Based Overhead Rates 305

ACTIVITY-BASED PRODUCT COSTING：GENERAL DESCRIPTION 308

First-Stage Procedure 309

Second-Stage Procedure 311

Comparison of Traditional and ABC Product Costs 312

ABC and Service Organizations 312

ACTIVITY IDENTIFICATION AND CLASSIFICATION 315

Activity Identification 315

Classification of Activities 316

Comparison with Traditional Costing 320

An Illustrative Example 320

Homogeneous Sets：Necessary or Not? 322

ABC DATA BASE 324

ASSIGNING COSTS TO ACTIVITIES 326

■9 Strategic Cost Management，Life Cycle Cost Management，and JIT 353

9 Strategic Cost Management，Life Cycle Cost Management，and JIT 353

STRATEGIC COST MANAGEMENT 354

Creating and Sustaining a Competitive Advantage 354

Value-Chain Framework，Linkages，and Activities 355

Value-Chain Analysis 359

LIFE CYCLE COST MANAGEMENT 365

Product Life Cycle Viewpoints 365

Interactive Viewpoint 367

Role of Target Costing 371

Short Life Cycles 372

JUST-IN-TIME(JIT) MANUFACTURING AND PURCHASING 372

Inventory Effects 373

Plant Layout 374

Grouping of Employees 376

Employee Empowerment 376

Total Quality Control 376

JIT and Automation 377

JIT AND TTS EFFECT ON THE COST MANAGEMENT SYSTEM 378

Traceability of Overhead Costs 378

Product Costing 378

JIT s Effect on Job-Order and Process Costing Systems 380

Backflush Costing 380

■10 Cost-Volume-Profit Analysis 410

10 Cost-Volume-Profit Analysis 410

Part3 Decision Making：Traditional and Contemporary Approaches 410

THE BREAK-EVEN POINTS IN UNITS 411

Operating-Income Approach 412

Contribution-Margin Approach 413

Profit Targets 413

After-Tax Profit Targets 415

BREAK-EVEN POINT IN SALES DOLLARS 416

Profit Targets 419

Comparison of the Two Approaches 420

MULTIPLE-PRODUCT ANALYSIS 420

Break-even Point in Units 420

Sales Dollars Approach 423

GRAPHICAL REPRESENTATION OF CVP RELATIONSHIPS 424

The Profit-Volume Graph 424

The Cost-Volume-Profit Graph 426

Assumptions of Cost-Volume-Profit Analysis 427

CHANGES IN THE CVP VARIABLES 429

Introducing Risk and Uncertainty 431

Sensitivity Analysis and CVP 433

CVP ANALYSIS AND ACTIVITY-BASED COSTING 434

Example Comparing Conventional and ABC Analysis 435

Strategic Implications：Conventional CVP Analysis Versus ABC Analysis 436

CVP Analysis and JIT 437

■11 Activity Resource Usage Model and Relevant Costing：Tactical Decision Making 463

11 Activity Resource Usage Model and Relevant Costing：Tactical Decision Making 463

The Tactical Decision-Making Process 464

TACTICAL DECISION MAKING 464

Qualitative Factors 466

RELEVANT COSTS AND REVENUES 468

Relevant Costs Illustrated 468

Irrelevant Costs Illustrated 468

RELEVANCY，COST BEHAVIOR，AND THE ACTIVITY RESOURCE USAGE MODEL 469

Resources Acquired as Used and Needed 469

Resources Acquired in Advance(Short Term) 470

Resources Acquired in Advance (Multiperiod Service Capacity) 471

ILLUSTRATIVE EXAMPLES OF TACTICAL DECISION MAKING 471

Make-or-Buy Decisions 471

Keep-or-Drop Decisions 475

Special-Order Decisions 478

Decisions to Sell or Process Further 480

Relevant Costing and Ethical Behavior 482

12 Capital Investment Decisions 502

■12 Capital Investment Decisions 502

TYPES OF CAPITAL INVESTMENT DECISIONS 503

NONDISCOUNTING MODELS 505

Payback Period 505

Accounting Rate of Return 507

DISCOUNTING MODELS：THE NET PRESENT VALUE METHOD 508

NPV Defined 508

An Example Illustrating Net Present Value 509

INTERNAL RATE OF RETURN 509

Example：Multiple-Period Setting with Uniform Cash Flows 511

Multiple-Period Setting：Uneven Cash Flows 511

MUTUALLY EXCLUSIVE PROJECTS 512

NPV Compared with IRR 512

Example：Mutually Exclusive Projects 514

Capital Investment and Ethical Lssues 515

COMPUTATION AND ADJUSTMENT OF CASH FLOWS 516

Adjusting Forecasts for Inflation 517

Conversion of Gross Cash Flows to After-Tax Cash Flows 517

CAPITAL INVESTMENT：THE CONTEMPORARY MANUFACTURING ENVIRONMENT 524

How Investment Differs 525

How Estimates of Operating Cash Flows Differ 525

Salvage Value 528

Discount Rates 529

APPENDIX A：PRESENT VALUE CONCEPTS 530

Future Value 530

Present Value 531

13 Inventory Management：Economic Order Quantity，JIT，and the Theory of Constraints 550

■13 Inventory Management：Economic Order Quantity，JIT，and the Theory of Constraints 550

BASICS OF TRADITIONAL INVENTORY MANAGEMENT 551

Traditional Reasons for Holding Inventory 552

Economic Order Quantity：The Traditional Inventory Model 553

Computing the EOQ 554

Reorder Point 554

Demand Uncertainty and the Reorder Point 554

A Manufacturing Example 556

EOQ and Inventory Management 556

JIT AND INVENTORY MANAGEMENT：A DIFFERENT VIEW 557

A Pull System 558

Setup and Carrying Costs：The JIT Approach 559

Due-Date Performance：The JIT Solution 560

Avoidance of Shutdown and Process Reliability：The JIT Approach 560

Discounts and Price Increases：JIT Purchasing Versus Holding Inventories 564

JIT s Limitations 564

BASIC CONCEPTS OF CONSTRAINED OPTIMIZATION 565

One Binding Internal Constraint 566

Internal Binding Constraint and External Binding Constraint 566

Multiple Internal Binding Constraints 567

THEORY OF CONSTRAINTS 570

Basic Concepts 570

Five-Step Approach 571

■14 Pricing and Revenue Analysis 589

14 Pricing and Revenue Analysis 589

Customer Demand 590

BASIC ECONOMIC PRICING CONCEPTS 590

Price Elasticity of Demand 591

Market Structure and Price 593

COST-BASED PRICING 595

TARGET COSTING AND PRICING 597

LIFE CYCLE PRICING 599

Development Stage 599

Introduction Stage 600

Growth Stage 600

Decline Stage 601

PRICES AND CONTROL 601

Sale Price and Price Volume Variances 601

Maturity Stage 601

Other Methods of Evaluating Revenue 602

LEGAL SYSTEM，ETHICS，AND PRICING 602

Predatory Pricing 603

Price Discrimination 604

Fairness and Pricing 607

■15 Profitability Analysis 619

15 Profitability Analysis 619

REASONS FOR MEASURING PROFIT 620

MEASURES OF PROFIT 621

Absorption Costing Approach to Measuring Profit 621

Variable Costing Approach to Measuring Profit 624

ANALYSIS OF PROFIT-RELATED VARIANCES 627

Contributin Margin Variance 627

Market Share and Size Variances 629

PROFITABILITY OF SEGMENTS 630

Profit by Product Line 630

Divisional Profit 634

Customer Profitability 635

Overall Profit 640

TIME AND PROFIT 640

Short-Run Profitability 641

Long-Run Profitability 641

THE PRODUCT LIFE CYCLE 642

Behavioral Decision Theory 644

THE IMPACT OF PROFIT ON BEHAVIOR 644

Ethics 646

LIMITATIONS OF PROFIT MEASUREMENT 647

16 Budgeting for Planning and Control 676

Part4 Cost Planning and Control Systems 676

■16 Budgeting for Planning and Control 676

THE ROLE OF BUDGETING IN PLANNING AND CONTROL 677

Purposes of Budgeting 677

The Budgeting Process 678

Gathering Information for Budgeting 680

PREPARING THE OPERATING BUDGET 683

PREPARING THE FINANCIAL BUDGET 689

The Cash Budget 690

Static Budgets Versus Flexible Budgets 694

USING BUDGETS FOR CONTROL 694

The Behavioral Dimension of Budgeting 698

Operating Budgets for Merchandising and Service Firms 703

Zero-Base Budgeting 703

OTHER TYPES OF BUDGETS 703

■17 Standard Costing：A Traditional Control Approach 727

17 Standard Costing：A Traditional Control Approach 727

UNIT STANDARDS 728

How Standards Are Developed 728

Types of Standards 729

Why Standard Cost Systems Are Adopted 729

STANDARD PRODUCT COSTS 730

VARIANCE ANALYSIS：GENERAL DESCRIPTION 733

Price and Efficiency Variances 733

The Decision to Investigate 733

VARIANCE ANALYSIS AND ACCOUNTING：MATERIALS AND LABOR 735

Direct Materials Price and Usage Variances 735

Direct Labor Variances 740

Disposition of Materials and Labor Variances 743

VARIANCE ANALYSIS：OVERHEAD COSTS 744

Four-Variance Method：Variable Overhead Variances 745

Four-Variance Analysis：Fixed Overhead Variances 749

Total Fixed Overhead Variance 749

Two-and Three Variance Analyses 753

MIX AND YIELD VARIANCES：MATERIALS AND LABOR 754

Materials Mix and Yield Variances 755

Labor Mix and Yield Variances 757

■18 Decentralization：Responsibility Accounting，Performance Evaluation，and Transfer Pricing 774

18 Decentralization：Responsibility Accounting，Performance Evaluation，and Transfer Pricing 774

RESPONSIBILITY ACCOUNTING 775

Types of Responsibility Centers 775

DECENTRALIZATION 776

Reasons for Decentralization 776

The Role of Information and Accountability 776

The Units of Decentralization 778

MEASURING THE PERFORMANCE OF INVESTMENT CENTERS 778

Return on Investment 779

Residual Income 783

Economic Value Added 785

Multiple Measures of Performance 788

Incentive Pay for Managers-Encouraging Goal Congruence 789

Managerial Rewards 789

MEASURIGN AND REWARDING THE PERFORMANCE OF MANAGERS 789

TRANSFER PRICING 792

The Impact of Transfer Pricing on Income 792

The Transfer Pricing Problem 793

SETTING TRANSFER PRICES 794

Market Price 794

Negotiated Transfer Prices 795

Cost-Based Transfer Prices 801

19 International Issues in Cost Management 819

■19 International Issues in Cost Management 819

MANAGEMENT ACCOUNTING IN THE INTERNATIONAL ENVIRONMENT 820

LEVELS OF INVOLVEMENT IN INTERNATIONAL TRADE 820

Importing and Exporting 821

Wholly Owned Subsidiaries 823

Joint Ventures 824

FOREIGN CURRENCY EXCHANGE 826

Managing Transaction Risk 826

Managing Economic Risk 829

Managing Translation Risk 830

DECENTRALIZATION 831

Advantages of Decentralization in the MNC 831

Creation of Divisions 832

MEASURING PERFORMANCE IN THE MULTINATIONAL FIRM 833

Political and Legal Factors Affecting Performance Evaluation 834

Multiple Measures of Performance 836

TRANSFER PRICING AND THE MULTINATIONAL FIRM 836

Performance Evaluation 836

Income Taxes and Transfer Pricing 837

ETHICS IN THE INTERNATIONAL ENVIRONMENT 840

Contemporary Control Systems 840

■20 Contemporary Responsibility Accounting 855

Contemporary Control Systems 855

20 Contemporary Responsibility Accounting 855

RESPONSIBILITY ACCOUNTING 856

Traditional vs．Contemporary Responsibility Accounting 856

Limitations of Traditional Responsibility Accounting 860

Activity-Based Management 862

PROCESS VALUE ANALYSIS 864

Driver Analysis：The Search for Root Causes 864

Activity Analysis 865

Performance Measurement 866

The Role of Interim(Currently Attainable)Standards 870

Benchmarking 871

Drivers and Behavioral Effects 872

ACTIVITY FLEXIBLE BUDGETING 873

Fixed Activity Variances：Detailed Analysis 876

Variable Activity Variances：Detailed Analysis 877

LIFE CYCLE COST BUDGETING 878

Whole-Life Product Cost 879

Budgeting Life Cycle Costs：An Example 879

CONTROL AT THE OPERATING LEVEL 880

Quality 881

Productivity 882

Materials Cost 882

Delivery Performance 882

Inventory 882

Machine Performance 885

Operational Measures：A Qualification 885

■21 Quality Costing：Measurement and Control 906

21 Quality Costing：Measurement and Control 906

MEASURING THE COSTS OF QUALITY 907

Quality Defined 908

Costs of Quality Defined 910

Measuring Quality Costs 912

RETORTING QUALITY COST INFORMATION 914

Quality Cost Reports 914

Optimal Distribution of Quality Cost：Traditional View 916

Quality Cost Function：Contemporary View 917

The Interface Between Cost Management and Total Quality 920

USING QUALITY COST INFORMATION 920

Using Quality Cost Information for Decision Making 921

Certifying Quality Through ISO 9000 923

CONTROLLING QUALITY COSTS 925

Choosing the Quality Standard 925

Types of Quality Performance Reports 927

Using Quality Reports for Control 932

22 Productivity：Measurement and Control 951

PRODUCTIVE EFFICIENCY 952

PARTIAL PRODUCTIVITY MEASUREMENT 954

Partial Productivity Measurement Defined 955

Partial Measures and Measuring Changes in Productive Efficiency 955

Advantages of Partial Measures 955

Disadvantages of Partial Measures 956

TOTAL PRODUCTIVITY MEASUREMENT 956

Profile Productivity Measurement 956

Profit-Linked Productivity Measurement 958

Price-Recovery Component 960

MEASURING CHANGES IN ACTIVITY EFFICIENCY 960

Activity Productivity Analysis 961

Process Productivity Analysis 963

Quality and Productivity 967