语言学教程PDF电子书下载

Introduction 1

Linguistics 3

Developmental linguistics 7

Psycholinguistics 10

Neurolinguistics 12

Sociolinguistics 16

Exercises 19

Further reading and references 24

Part 1 Sounds 25

1 Introduction 27

2 Sounds and suprasegmentals 29

Consonants 31

Vowels 39

Suprasegmentals 45

Exercises 49

Sound variation 52

Linguistic variables and sociological variables 52

Stylistic variation 57

Linguistically determined variation 58

Variation and language change 61

Exercises 62

4 Sound change 66

Consonant change 66

Vowel change 69

The transition problem: regular sound change versus lexical diffusion 73

Suprasegmental change 76

Exercises 78

Phonemes, syllables and phonological processes 84

Phonemes 84

Syllables 88

Syllabification and the Maximal Onset Principle 91

Phonological processes 92

Phonological features 95

Features and processes 97

Exercises 101

Child phonology 105

Early achievements 105

Phonological processes in acquisition 106

Perception, production and a dual lexicon model 110

Exercises 117

Processing sounds 120

Speech perception 120

Speech production 125

Other aspects of phonological processing 130

Exercises 133

Further reading and references 135

Appendix 1 : The International Phonetic Alphabet 137

Appendix 2: List of distinctive features 138

Appendix 3: Distinctive feature matrix for English consonant phonemes 141

Part 2 Words 143

8 Introduction 145

Word classes 147

Lexical categories 147

Functional categories 150

The morphological properties of English verbs 153

Inflectional classes in Italian and Russian 156

Exercises 160

10 Building words 162

Morphemes 162

Morphological processes - derivation and inflection 165

Compounds 171

Clitics 173

Allomorphy 175

Exercises 177

11 Morphology across languages 180

The agglutinative ideal 180

Types of morphological operations 186

Exercises 190

12 Word meaning 193

Entailment and hyponymy 194

Meaning opposites 199

Semantic features 200

Dictionaries and prototypes 204

Exercises 207

13 Children and words 211

Early words - a few facts 211

Apprentices in morphology 214

The semantic significance of early words 218

Exercises 223

14 Lexical processing and the mental lexicon 226

Serial-autonomous versus parallel-interactive processing models 226

On the representation of words in the mental lexicon 232

Exercises 240

15 Lexical disorders 243

Words and morphemes in aphasia 244

Agrammatism 245

Paraphasias 248

Dissociations in SLI subjects' inflectional systems 250

Exercises 252

16 Lexical variation and change 254

Borrowing words 254

Register: words for brain surgeons and soccer players, hairdressers and life-savers 256

Biscuit or cookie? Variation and change in word choice 257

Same word - new meaning 260

Variation and change in morphology 264

Exercises 271

Further reading and references 274

Part 3 Sentences 277

17 Introduction 279

18 Basic terminology 282

Categories and functions 282

Complex sentences 285

The functions of clauses 289

Exercises 290

19 Sentence structure 292

Merger 292

Tests for constituency 298

Constraints on merger: features and checking 300

Exercises 302

20 Empty categories 304

Empty INFL 304

PRO: the empty subject of infinitive clauses 310

Covert complements 312

Empty constituents in nominal phrases 313

Exercises 318

21 Movement 321

Head movement 322

Operator movement 325

Yes no questions 331

Other types of movement 333

Exercises 336

22 Syntactic variation 338

Inversion in varieties of English 338

Syntactic parameters of variation 342

The null subject parameter 347

Parametric differences between English and German 349

Exercises 354

23 Logical form 357

Preliminaries 357

A philosophical diversion 359

Covert movement and Logical Form 364

More evidence for covert movement 371

Exercises 375

24 Children's sentences 378

Setting parameters: two examples 379

Null subjects in early Child English 381

Non-finite clauses in Child English 384

Children's nominals 389

Exercises 391

25 Sentence processing 394

Click studies 395

Processing empty categories 397

Strategies of sentence processing 399

Exercises 404

26 Syntactic disorders 406

Agrammatism 407

Paragrammatism 412

Specific Language Impairment (SLI) 413

Conclusion 416

Exercises 419

Further reading and references 422

Bibliography 424

Index 429

文库索引 439