语用学讲稿 英文本PDF电子书下载

Chapter One Course Overview 1

1.Pragmatics—Studies of Language Comprehension and Application 2

2.Pragmatics—Studies of Language Appropriateness and Tactfulness 6

3.The Development of Pragmatics 9

3.1 Micropragmatics and Macropragmatics 10

3.2 Micropragmatics—the Dynamic Description of Language 10

3.3 Macropragmatics—Pragmatics and Beyond 11

4.Cross-cultural Pragmatics 11

4.1 Pragmatic Studies of Speech Acts 12

4.2 Studies of Socio-cultural Pragmatics 12

4.3 Studies of Contrastive Pragmatics 13

4.4 Pragmatic Studies of Interlanguage 14

5.Interlanguage Pragmatics 15

6.Societal Pragmatics 16

7.Cognitive Pragmatics 18

Chapter Two What Is Pragmatics? 24

1.Origin of Pragmatics 25

1.1 "Langue"and"Parole" 26

1.2 "Competence"and"Performance" 27

1.3 "Pragmatic Competence"and"Communicative Competence" 28

2.Defining Pragmatics 31

2.1 Semantics and Pragmatics 31

2.2 Definition of Pragmatics 34

2.3 Comparison between Semantics and Pragmatics 35

3.Approaches to Pragmatics 37

3.1 Formal Pragmatics 37

3.2 Descriptive Pragmatics 37

3.3 Applied Pragmatics 39

4.The Scope of Study 41

Chapter Three Deixis 44

1.Deixis—a Component of Pragmatic Study 44

2.Classification 46

2.1 Person Deixis 46

2.2 Place(or Spatial)Deixis 47

2.3 Time(or Temporal)Deixis 48

2.4 Discourse(or Textual)Deixis 49

2.5 Social Deixis 51

3.Deictic Center and Deictic Projection 52

4.Different Uses of Deictic Expressions 54

Chapter Four Conversational Implicature 57

1.Meaning and Intention 58

1.1 View of Meaning 58

1.2 Analysis of Meaning and Intention 59

2.The Notion of Conversational Implicature 62

2.1 Cooperative Principle 65

2.2 Conversational Maxims 67

3.Generalized and Particularized Implicatures 70

3.1 Generalized Implicatures 70

3.2 Particularized Implicatures 73

4.Special Features of Implicatures 75

4.1 Cancellability 75

4.2 Non-detachability 77

4.3 Calculability 78

4.4 Non-conventionality 79

4.5 Indeterminacy 79

Chapter Five Linguistic Politeness 82

1.Politeness as a Linguistic Universal 83

2.Face and Politeness 83

3.The Politeness Principle 86

4.Pragmatic Scales of Politeness 88

5.Interaction between Politeness Principle and Cooperative Principle 90

6.Social Variables Involved in Politeness Decision 93

7.Social Constraint and Cross-culturally Different Strategies of Politeness 96

Chapter Six Presupposition 102

1.Philosophical Background 104

1.1 Entailment vs.Presupposition 105

1.2 Presupposition vs.Assertion 105

1.3 Topic vs.Comment 107

1.4 Notions of Presupposition 107

2.Presupposition-triggers 109

2.1 Verbs 109

2.2 Iteratives and Adjuncts 110

2.3 Phrases and Clauses 110

3.Pragmatic Analysis of Presupposition 110

3.1 Defeasibility in Discourse Contexts 111

3.2 Projection for Presuppositions 111

4.Pragmatic Properties of Presupposition 113

4.1 Appropriateness(Felicity) 113

4.2 Mutual Knowledge(or Common Ground) 114

5.Presupposition—Another Kind of Pragmatic Inference 115

Chapter Seven Performatives and Speech Acts 118

1.Performatives 119

1.1 Distinguishing Performative from Non-performative Verbs 120

1.2 Explicit and Implicit Performative 121

2.Speech Acts 122

2.1 Locution,Illocution,and Perlocution 123

2.2 Distinguishing Acts A,B and C 125

3.Conditions for Illocutionary Acts 128

3.1 Essential Conditions 128

3.2 Propositional Content Conditions 128

3.3 Preparatory Conditions 129

3.4 Sincerity Conditions 129

4.Classification of Illocutionary Acts 130

4.1 Assertives 130

4.2 Directives 130

4.3 Commissives 131

4.4 Expressives 131

4.5 Declaratives 131

5.Indirect Speech Act Theory 132

5.1 Conventional Indirect Speech Acts 134

5.2 Non-conventional Indirect Speech Acts 136

Chapter Eight Hedging in Discourse 141

1.Approximators 144

2.Shields 147

3.Summary of Hedge Types 152

4.Applications 153

Chapter Nine The Structure of Information 155

1.The Notion of"Given"and"New" 155

2."Given"and"New"at the Phonological Level 156

3."Given"and"New"at the Lexical Level 159

3.1 The Infinitive and the Gerund 159

3.2 Pronouns and Other Pro-forms 161

4."Given"and"New"at the Syntactic Level 162

4.1 NOT...ANY and NO 162

4.2 THAT in That-clause 163

4.3 The Extraposition with IT 164

4.4 The Introductory THERE 165

5.What Remains to Be Studied 167

Chapter Ten Pragmatic Vagueness 169

PARTⅠ 170

1.Defining Pragmatic Vagueness 170

2.Notions of Pragmatic Vagueness 171

3.Classification of Vagueness in Pragmatics 173

3.1 Fuzzy Continuum 173

3.2 Taxonomic Category 174

3.3 Nomenclative Evaluation 175

3.4 Hedging in Discourse 178

4.Positive Significance of Pragmatic Vagueness 179

5.Concluding Remarks 181

PARTⅡ 183

6.Literal and Loose Talk in Verbal Communication 184

7.Pragmatic Vagueness in Verbal Communication 190

7.1 The Speaker's Side:Literal Words for Fuzzy Thought 190

7.2 The Hearer's Side:Vague Interpretation in Loose Talk 191

7.3 The Hearer's Side:Literal Interpretation of Second-hand Knowledge 192

7.4 The Speaker's Side:Approximation in Loose Talk 193

7.5 The Hearer's Side:Non-assertion as Approximation 195

Chapter Eleven Language Use and Social Culture 198

1.Language in Use 198

1.1 Language Use and Interpretation 198

1.2 Language Tact and Appropriateness 201

2.The Use of Language in Society 203

2.1 Type 1:Newly Invented Words and Expressions 204

2.2 Type 2:Four-character Phrases Invented with Sarcastic or Ironical Effects 205

2.3 Type 3:Half-foreignized and Half-sinicized Expressions 206

2.4 Vulgar Names,Strange Names 207

2.5 Chinese-English Code-mixing Expressions 207

2.6 Errors in Translation 209

3.Language and Culture 211

3.1 The Intercultural Use of Language 211

3.2 The Use of Interlanguage 213

Chapter Twelve Cultural Differences and Pragmatics in Translation 217

1.Cultural Load of Language 217

1.1 Cultural Differences in Pragmatics 218

1.2 Interference of Cultural Differences 219

1.3 Contrastive Cross-cultural Pragmatics 220

2.Pragmatics in Translation 222

2.1 Pragmalinguistics in Translation 223

2.2 Sociopragmatics in Translation 227

2.3 The Pragmatic Approach to Translation 230

Appendix Ⅰ An Outline of Relevance Theory 236

1.1 Coding and Inference in Communication 236

1.2 Relevance and Inference in Communication 240

1.3 Relevance Theory:Implications and Applications 244

Appendix Ⅱ Recent Development of Pragmatic Studies in China 250

2.1 Watching Closely the Development of Pragmatics Abroad 251

2.2 Recent Development of Pragmatic Studies in China 252

2.3 The Present Trend of Pragmatic Studies 258

Bibliography 265

Index 275