VLSI数字信号处理系统：设计与实现 英文版PDF电子书下载

1 Introduction to Digital Signal Processing Systems 1

1.1 Introduction 1

1.2 Typical DSP Algorithms 2

1.3 DSP Application Demands and Scaled CMOS Technologies 27

1.4 Representations of DSP Algorithms 31

1.5 Book Outline 40

References 41

2 Iteration Bound 43

2.1 Introduction 43

2.2 Data-Flow Graph Representations 43

2.3 Loop Bound and Iteration Bound 45

2.4 Algorithms for Computing Iteration Bound 47

2.5 Iteration Bound of Multirate Data-Flow Graphs 55

2.6 Conclusions 57

2.7 Problems 58

References 61

3 Pipelining and Parallel Processing 63

3.1 Introduction 63

3.2 Pipelining of FIR Digital Filters 64

3.3 Parallel Processing 69

3.4 Pipelining and Parallel Processing for Low Power 74

3.5 Conclusions 82

3.6 Problems 83

References 88

4.1 Introduction 91

4 Retiming 91

4.2 Definitions and Properties 93

4.3 Solving Systems of Inequalities 95

4.4 Retiming Techniques 97

4.5 Conclusions 112

4.6 Problems 112

References 118

5 Unfolding 119

5.1 Introduction 119

5.2 An Algorithm for Unfolding 121

5.3 Properties of Unfolding 124

5.4 Critical Path, Unfolding, and Retiming 127

5.5 Applications of Unfolding 128

5.7 Problems 140

5.6 Conclusions 140

References 147

6 Folding 149

6.1 Introduction 149

6.2 Folding Transformation 151

6.3 Register Minimization Techniques 157

6.4 Register Minimization in Folded Architectures 163

6.5 Folding of Multirate Systems 170

6.6 Conclusions 174

6.7 Problems 174

References 186

7 Systolic Architecture Design 189

7.1 Introduction 189

7.2 Systolic Array Design Methodology 190

7.3 FIR Systolic Arrays 192

7.4 Selection of Scheduling Vector 201

7.5 Matrix-Matrix Multiplication and 2D Systolic Array Design 205

7.6 Systolic Design for Space Representations Containing Delays 210

7.7 Conclusions 213

7.8 Problems 213

References 223

8 Fast Convolution 227

8.1 Introduction 227

8.2 Cook-Toom Algorithm 228

8.3 Winograd Algorithm 237

8.4 Iterated Convolution 244

8.5 Cyclic Convolution 246

8.6 Design of Fast Convolution Algorithm by Inspection 250

8.7 Conclusions 251

8.8 Problems 251

References 253

9 Algorithmic Strength Reduction in Filters and Transforms 255

9.1 Introduction 255

9.2 Parallel FIR Filters 256

9.3 Discrete Cosine Transform and Inverse DCT 275

9.4 Parallel Architectures for Rank-Order Filters 285

9.5 Conclusions 297

9.6 Problems 297

References 310

10.1 Introduction 313

10 Pipelined and Parallel Recursive and Adaptive Filters 313

10.2 Pipeline Interleaving in Digital Filters 314

10.3 Pipelining in 1st-Order IIR Digital Filters 320

10.4 Pipelining in Higher-Order IIR Digital Filters 325

10.5 Parallel Processing for IIR filters 339

10.6 Combined Pipelining and Parallel Processing for IIR Filters 345

10.7 Low-Power IIR Filter Design Using Pipelining and Parallel Processing 348

10.8 Pipelined Adaptive Digital Filters 351

10.9 Conclusions 367

10.10 Problems 367

References 374

11 Scaling and Roundoff Noise 377

11.1 Introduction 377

11.2 Scaling and Roundoff Noise 378

11.3 State Variable Description of Digital Filters 382

11.4 Scaling and Roundoff Noise Computation 386

11.5 Roundoff Noise in Pipelined IIR Filters 391

11.6 Roundoff Noise Computation Using State Variable Description 403

11.7 Slow-Down, Retiming, and Pipelining 405

11.8 Conclusions 410

11.9 Problems 410

References 419

12 Digital Lattice Filter Structures 421

12.1 Introduction 421

12.2 Schur Algorithm 422

12.3 Digital Basic Lattice Filters 429

12.4 Derivation of One-Multiplier Lattice Filter 437

12.5 Derivation of Normalized Lattice Filter 444

12.6 Derivation of Scaled-Normalized Lattice Filter 447

12.7 Roundoff Noise Calculation in Lattice Filters 454

12.8 Pipelining of Lattice IIR Digital Filters 458

12.9 Design Examples of Pipelined Lattice Filters 464

12.10 Low-Power CMOS Lattice IIR Filters 469

12.11 Conclusions 470

12.12 Problems 470

References 474

13 Bit-Level Arithmetic Architectures 477

13.1 Introduction 477

13.2 Parallel Multipliers 478

13.3 Interleaved Floor-plan and Bit-Plane-Based Digital Filters 489

13.4 Bit-Serial Multipliers 490

13.5 Bit-Serial Filter Design and Implementation 499

13.6 Canonic Signed Digit Arithmetic 505

13.7 Distributed Arithmetic 511

13.8 Conclusions 518

13.9 Problems 518

References 527

14 Redundant Arithmetic 529

14.1 Introduction 529

14.2 Redundant Number Representations 530

14.3 Carry-Free Radix-2 Addition and Subtraction 531

14.4 Hybrid Radix-4 Addition 536

14.5 Radix-2 Hybrid Redundant Multiplication Architectures 540

14.6 Data Format Conversion 545

14.7 Redundant to Nonredundant Converter 547

14.8 Conclusions 551

14.9 Problems 552

References 555

15 Numerical Strength Reduction 559

15.1 Introduction 559

15.2 Subexpression Elimination 560

15.3 Multiple Constant Multiplication 560

15.4 Subexpression Sharing in Digital Filters 566

15.5 Additive and Multiplicative Number Splitting 574

15.6 Conclusions 583

15.7 Problems 583

References 589

16 Synchronous, Wave, and Asynchronous Pipelines 591

16.1 Introduction 591

16.2 Synchronous Pipelining and Clocking Styles 593

16.3 Clock Skew and Clock Distribution in Bit-Level Pipelined VLSI Designs 601

16.4 Wave Pipelining 606

16.5 Constraint Space Diagram and Degree of Wave Pipelining 612

16.6 Implementation of Wave-Pipelined Systems 614

16.7 Asynchronous Pipelining 619

16.8 Signal Transition Graphs 622

16.9 Use of STG to Design Interconnection Circuits 626

16.10 Implementation of Computational Units 631

16.11 Conclusions 640

16.12 Problems 640

References 643

17 Low-Power Design 645

17.1 Introduction 645

17.2 Theoretical Background 648

17.3 Scaling Versus Power Consumption 650

17.4 Power Analysis 652

17.5 Power Reduction Techniques 662

17.6 Power Estimation Approaches 671

17.7 Conclusions 688

17.8 Problems 688

References 692

18 Programmable Digital Signal Processors 695

18.1 Introduction 695

18.2 Evolution of Programmable Digital Signal Processors 696

18.3 Important Features of DSP Processors 697

18.4 DSP Processors for Mobile and Wireless Communications 703

18.5 Processors for Multimedia Signal Processing 704

18.6 Conclusions 714

References 714

Appendix A: Shortest Path Algorithms 717

A.1 Introduction 717

A.2 The Bellman-Ford Algorithm 718

A.3 The Floyd-Warshall Algorithm 720

A.4 Computational Complexities 721

References 722

Appendix B: Scheduling and Allocation Techniques 723

B.1 Introduction 723

B.2 Iterative/Constructive Scheduling Algorithms 725

B.3 Transformational Scheduling Algorithms 729

B.4 Integer Linear Programming Models 738

References 741

Appendix C: Euclidean GCD Algorithm 743

C.1 Introduction 743

C.2 Euclidean GCD Algorithm for Integers 743

C.3 Euclidean GCD Algorithm for Polynomials 745

Appendix D: Orthonormality of Schur Polynomials 747

D.1 Orthogonality of Schur Polynomials 747

D.2 Orthonormality of Schur Polynomials 749

E.1 Introduction 753

E.2 Multiplexer-Based Fast Binary Adders 753

Appendix E: Fast Binary Adders and Multipliers 753

E.3 Wallace Tree and Dadda Multiplier 758

References 761

Appendix F: Scheduling in Bit-Serial Systems 763

F.1 Introduction 763

F.2 Outline of the Scheduling Algorithm 764

F.3 Minimum Cost Solution 766

F.4 Scheduling of Edges with Delays 768

References 769

Appendix G: Coefficient Quantization in FIR Filters 771

G.1 Introduction 771

G.2 NUS Quantization Algorithm 771

References 774

Index 775