职业生涯管理 第3版PDF电子书下载

PART ONE THE CAREER MANAGEMENT PROCESS:THEORY AND APPLICATION 1

CHAPTER 1 INTRODUCTION TO THE STUDY OF CAREERS 1

The Changing Landscape of Work 4

Job Loss 4

Internationalization 4

Technology 5

Changing Structure of Organizations 5

Changing Nature of Work 6

Work and Family Life 7

Culturally Diverse Workforce 7

Definitions of Career Concepts 8

What is a Career? 8

Career Management 12

Career Development 12

Need to Understand Career Management 13

Individual Perspective 13

Organizational Perspective 15

Summary of the Contemporary Workplace 17

Discussion Questions 18

Assignment 18

Summary 18

Endnotes 19

CHAPTER 2 MODEL OF CAREER MANAGEMENT 23

Overview of the Career Management Model 24

Theory and Research on the Career Management Process 26

Career Exploration 26

Types of Career Exploration 27

Awareness 29

Effect of Career Explorationon Career Management 29

Career Goal 30

Career Strategy 31

Career Appraisal 32

Career Management as an Ongoing Process 34

Indicators of Effective Career Management 35

Summary 37

Assignment 37

Discussion Questions 37

Endnotes 38

A Note to the Reader on Learning Exercises 41

Types of Career Exploration 41

CHAPTER 3 APPLICATIONS OF THE CAREER MANAGEMENT MODEL:A Gu1DE TO CAREER EXPLORATION 41

Self-Exploration 42

Techniques for Effective Self-Exploration 47

Collection of Data 47

Integrated Career Planning Systems 50

Organization-Sponsored Self-Exploration Programs 50

Informal Self-Exploration 52

Theme Identification 52

Environmental Exploration 53

Techniques for Effective Work Exploration 57

Understanding One s Preferred Work Environment 58

Overcoming Obstacles to Career Exploration:A Set of Guidelines 59

Self and Environmental Exploration:A Reciprocal Relationship 62

Summary 63

Assignment 63

Discussion Questions 63

Endnotes 64

CHAPTER 4 APPLICATIONS OF THE CAREER MANAGEMENT MODEL:GOALS,STRATEGIES,AND APPRAISAL 67

Career Goal Setting 67

Components of Career Goals 68

Development of Long-Term and Short-Term Conceptual Goals 69

Development of Long-Term and Short-Term Operational Goals 70

Are Long-Term Career Goals Necessary? 70

Overcoming Obstacles to Goal Setting:A Set of Guidelines 71

Inability to Set Career Goals:Career Indecision 75

Implications of Goal Setting for Organizations and their Employees 80

Facilitate Self-Awareness 80

Facilitate Awareness of the Environment 80

Encourage Experimentation 81

Respond to Chronic Indecision 81

Benefits to Organization 82

Discourage Career Hypervigffance 82

Career Strategies 84

Types of Career Strategies 84

Guidelines for the Development of Career Strategies 87

Career Appraisal 91

Types and Sources of Information Derived from Career Appraisal 92

Guidelines for Effective Career Appraisal 93

Career Management:A Blend of Formal and Informal Activities 94

Summary 96

Assignment 97

Discussion Questions 97

Endnotes 98

CASE 1:CAREERS OF MICHELE TERRY AND JOE FRANCIS 101

PART TWO STAGES OF CAREER DEVELOPMENT 105

CHAPTER 5 CAREER DEVELOPMENT:AN OVERVIEW 107

Adult Life Development 108

Erikson s Approach to Life Development 108

Levinson s Approach to Adult Life Development 109

Stages of Career Development 117

Stage 1:Occupational Choice:Preparation for Work 117

Stage 2:Organizational Entry 118

Stage 4:The Midcareer 120

Stage 3:The Early Career 120

Stage 5:Late Career 121

Difficulties in Applying a Career-Stage Perspective 121

Summary 123

Assignments 124

Discussion Questions 124

Endnotes 124

CHAPTER 6 OCCUPATIONAL CHOICE:PREPARATION FOR WORK 127

Theories of Occupational Choice 128

Occupational Choice as a Matching Process 129

Occupational Choice as a Developmental Process 131

Occupational Choice as a Decision-Making Task 133

Social and Cultural Influences on Occupational Choice 135

Occupational Choices of Women 138

Occupational Choices of American Minorities 142

Guidelines for Effective Occupational Decision Making 144

Development of Self-Awareness 144

Development of Accurate Occupational Information 145

Effective Goal Setting 146

Development of Career Strategies 146

Assignments 148

Summary 148

Discussion Questions 149

Endnotes 149

CHAPTER 7 ORGANIZATIONAL ENTRY 155

Theories of Organizational Choice 157

Role of Expectations in Organizational Entry 158

Development of Unrealistic Expectations 158

Organizational Entry in Later Adulthood 163

Organizational Actions During the Entry Process 164

Attraction of Job Candidates 164

Realistic Recruitment 166

Do Realistic Job Previews Work? 167

Assessment and Selection 169

Individual Actions During the Entry Process 170

Development of Self-Awareness 171

Identification of Prospective Employers 171

Effective Job Interview Behavior 172

Assessing Organizations 174

Choosing Organizations 176

Summary 176

Assignment 177

Discussion Questions 178

Endnotes 178

CHAPTER 8 EARLY CAREER:ESTABLISHMENT AND ACHIEVEMENT 181

Establishment Period 182

Content Areas of Socialization 183

Stages of Organizational Socialization 184

Mutual Acceptance and the Psychological Contract 188

Continuing Tasks 189

Floundering:Leaming through Experience 190

Effective Orientation Programs 192

Effective Recruitment 192

Organizational Actions During Establishment 192

Early Job Challenge 193

Frequent and Constructive Feedback 195

The First Supervisor:A Critical Resource 195

Encouragement of Mentor Relationships and Other Supporting Alliances 196

Individual Actions During Establishment 199

Career Exploration and Goal Setting 199

Career Strategies—Influencing the Environment 199

Achievement Period 201

Provide Sufficient Challenge and Responsibility 202

Organizational Actions During Achievement 202

Performance Appraisal and Feedback 204

Construction of Realistic and Flexible Career Paths 204

Stimulate Career Exploration 205

Individual Actions During Achievement 206

Set Realistic Goals 206

Performance and Responsibility on the Current job 207

Mobility Paths 207

Attaining Sponsorship 209

Word of Caution 209

Summary 210

The Early Career:A Question of Timing 210

Assignment 211

Discussion Questions 211

Endnotes 212

CHAPTER 9 MIDDLE AND LATE CAREER ISSUES 219

Middle Career Years 220

Confronting the Midlife Transition 220

Remaining Productive:Growth,Maintenance,or Stagnation? 221

Career Plateau 221

Obsolescence 225

Midcareer Change 226

Organizational Actions During Midcareer 228

Help Employees Understand Midcareer Experiences 228

Provide Expanded and Flexible Mobility Opportunities 229

Utilization of the Current Job 229

Encourage and Teach Mentoring Skills 230

Training and Continuing Education 230

Broaden the Reward System 231

Individual Actions During Midcareer 231

Dealing with job Loss 232

Late Career 234

Productivity 235

Preparation for Retirement 236

Organizational Actions During Late Career 238

Performance Standards and Feedback 238

Education and Job Restructuring 239

Development and Enforcement of Nondiscrimination Policies 239

Development of Retirement Planning Programs 239

Establishment of Flexible Work Patterns 240

Individual Actions During Later Career 240

Summary 241

Discussion Questions 242

Assignment 242

Endnotes 243

CASE 2:NATALIE THE RETAIL MANAGER 249

CASE 3:GEORGE THE BANKER 255

PART THREE CONTEMPORARY ISSUES IN CAREER MANAGEMENT 259

CHAPTER 10 JOB STRESS 261

job Stress:An Overview 262

Sources and Consequences of Stress 263

Type A Behavior as a Source of Stress 267

Career Transitions as a Source of Stress 269

Employment Bias as a Source of Stress 271

Burnout 272

Coping,Social Support,and Stress 275

Organizational Actions 278

Summary 282

Assignment 283

Discussion Questions 283

Endnotes 283

CHAPTER 11 INTERSECTION OF WORK AND FAMILY ROLES:IMPLICATIONS FOR CAREER MANAGEMENT 289

Model of Work-Family Conflict 290

Work-Family Integration 295

Two-Career Family 296

Sources of Stress in the Two-Career Relationship 297

Work-Family Conflict 297

Restricted Career Achievements 298

Competition and Jealousy 300

Identity Problems 300

Impact of Two-Career Status on Children 301

Quality of Life In Two-Career Families 301

Social Support 301

Coping with Two-Career Issues 302

Flexibility 303

Organizational Responses to Work-Family Issues 304

Dependent Care 305

Flexible Work Arrangements 307

Changing the Organization s Work-Family Culture 311

Career Management and the Quality of Life 314

Summary 318

Assignment 318

Discussion Questions 319

Endnotes 319

CHAPTER 12 MANAGING DIVERSITY 325

Fairness in Organizations 326

Career Advancement 327

Job Performance Assessments 328

Lost Opportunities 329

Model of Organizational Fairness 331

Stereotypes 332

Psychological Distance 333

Cultural Misunderstandings 334

Is Diversity Inherently Valuable? 335

Conclusion 337

Elimination of Access Discrimination 338

Organizational Actions 338

Characteristics of the Multicultural Organization 338

Mutual Accommodation 339

Elimination of Treatment Discrimination 339

Structural Integration 340

Minimal Intergroup Conflicts 340

Responsive to Work-Family Issues 340

Organizational Approaches to the Challenges of Diversity 341

Affirmative Action 341

Organizational Programs and Policies 342

Valuing Differences 342

Managing Diversity 342

Communication Regarding the Meaning and Importance of Diversity 343

Unbiased Hiring Systems 344

Identification of Critical Diversity Issues 344

Diversity Training 345

Language Policies and Programs 345

Sexual Harassment Policy 346

Full Use of Career Systems 346

Leadership and Accountability 348

Family-Responsive Programs and Policies 348

Managing Diversity: Opportunities and Competence 349

Individual Actions 351

Summary 353

Assignment 354

Discussion Questions 354

Endnotes 354

CHAPTER 13 ENTREPRENEURIAL CAREERS 361

Entrepreneurship:An Overview 362

Choosing an Entrepreneurial Career 363

Autonomy and Independence 364

Personal Characteristics 365

Environmental Conditions 367

Passion for a Product or Service 369

Presence of Role Models 372

Support for the Entrepreneurial Career 374

Characteristics and Experiences of Female and Minority Entrepreneurs 376

Female Entrepreneurs 377

Minority Entrepreneurs 379

Selecting and Managing the Entrepreneurial Career 381

Summary 384

Discussion Questions 385

Assignment 385

Endnotes 386

CASE 4:STRESSED SALESWOMAN 393

CASE 5:BUDDING ENTREPRENEUR 395

PART FOUR CAREER MANAGEMENT IN WORK ORGANIZATIONS 399

CHAPTER 14 HUMAN RESOURCE SUPPORT SYSTEMS 401

Integration of Career Management with Human Resource Systems 402

Organizational-Level Activities 405

Individual-Level Activities 412

Matching Processes 414

Illustrations of Career-Oriented Human Resource Systems 417

Summary 418

Assignment 419

Discussion Questions 419

Endnotes 419

CHAPTER 15 ORGANIZATIONAL CAREER MANAGEMENT SYSTEMS 423

Overview of Career Management Practices in Organizations 423

Anticipatory Socialization via Internships and Apprenticeships 424

Realistic Recruitment 426

Employee Orientation Programs 428

Individual Leaming and Development 429

Job Challenge and On-the-Job Experiences 431

Performance Feedback and Coaching 432

Mentoring and Supportive Alliances 433

Dual Promotion Ladders 435

Dealing with the Career Plateau 437

Late-Career Activities 438

Redeployment and Outplacement Programs 440

Pre-retirement Programs 441

Summary 442

Endnotes 443

Discussion Questions 443

Assignment 443

CHAPTER 16 CLOSING THOUGHTS ON CAREER MANAGEMENT 447

Preparing for the Future 448

Assignment 449

Discussion Question 450

Endnotes 450

CASE 6:CASE OF THE STAR PERFORMER 451

CASE 7:CASE OF THE CORPORATE POLICY CHANGE 453

LEARNING EXERCISES 455

INDEX 475