流体力学 影印本PDF电子书下载

PART 1 Fundamentals of Fluid Mechanics and Transport 1

Chapter 1 Fluid Properties 2

1.1 Continuum 3

1.2 Definition of a Fluid 3

1.3 Dimensions and Units 5

1.4 Viscosity 8

1.5 Mass,Weight,and Concentration Variables 11

1.6 Temperature and Thermodynamic Variables 14

1.7 Pressure and a Perfect Gas 15

1.8 Bulk Modulus of Elasticity 18

1.9 Vapor Pressure 19

1.10 Surface Tension 20

Chapter 2 Fluid Statics 30

2.1 Force,Stress,and Pressure at a Point 31

2.2 Basic Equation of Fluid Statics 35

2.3 Units and Scales of Pressure Measurement 40

2.4 Manometers 44

2.5 Forces on Plane Areas 49

2.6 Force Components on Curved Surfaces 58

2.7 Buoyant Force 65

2.8 Stability of Floating and Submerged Bodies 68

2.9 Relative Equilibrium 71

Chapter 3 Fluid Flow Concepts and Basic Control Volume Equations 102

3.1 Flow Concepts and Kinematics 103

3.2 The General Control Volume Conservation Equation 113

3.3 The Conservation of Mass 115

3.4 The Energy Equation 118

3.5 Application of the Energy Equation to Steady Fluid-Flow Situations 124

3.6 The Control Volume Linear-Momentum Equation 133

3.7 Applications of the Linear Momentum Equation 136

3.8 The Moment-of-Momentum Equation 155

3.9 Heat and Mass Transfer 158

Chapter 4 Basic Governing Differential Equations 185

4.1 Kinematics,Motion,and Deformation 186

4.2 The General Reynolds Transport Equation 195

4.3 The Continuity Equation 196

4.4 The Momentum Equation 198

4.5 The Conservation of Mechanical Energy and the Bernoulli Equation 202

4.6 The Energy Equation 208

4.7 The Differential Heat Equation 211

4.8 Differential Mass Balance for a Species 212

Chapter 5 Dimensional Analysis and Dynamic Similitude 224

5.1 Dimensional Homogeneity and Dimensionless Ratios 225

5.2 Dimensions and Units 227

5.3 The П Theorem:Momentum and Energy 228

5.4 The П Theorem:Heat and Mass Transport 240

5.5 Nondimensional Analysis of Governing Equations 243

5.6 Model Studies and Similitude 247

Chapter 6 Viscous Flow:Pipes and Channels 259

6.1 Laminar and Turbulent Flows:Internal and External Flows 260

6.2 Laminar,Incompressible,Steady Flow Between Parallel Plates 263

6.3 Laminar Flow Through Circular Tubes and Circular Annuli 268

6.4 Turbulent Flow Relations 273

6.5 Turbulent Flow Losses in Open and Closed Conduits 283

6.6 Steady Uniform Flow in Open Channels 285

6.7 Steady Incompressible Flow Through Simple Pipes 288

6.8 Minor Losses 298

Chapter 7 External Flows 315

7.1 Shear and Pressure Forces 316

7.2 Boundary Layer Concepts:Flat Plates 318

7.3 Flow and Drag:Spheres 325

7.4 The Effect of Pressure Gradients:Separation and Wakes 328

7.5 Drag on Immersed Bodies 332

7.6 Lift 337

7.7 Acceleration and Inertial Forces 340

Chapter 8 Ideal-Fluid Flow 346

8.1 Requirements for Ideal-Fluid Flow 347

8.2 Euler s Equation of Motion 347

8.3 Irrotational Flow:Velocity Potential 350

8.4 Integration of Euler s Equation:Bernoulli s Equation 352

8.5 Stream Functions and Boundary Conditions 354

8.6 Two-Dimensional Flows 359

8.7 Water Waves:A Moving Boundary Problem 370

Chapter 9 Transport by Advection and Diffusion 378

9.1 Steady Molecular Diffusion and Conduction 379

9.2 Advection and Convection:Bulk Approaches 389

9.3 Laminar Boundary Layer Transport 398

9.4 Turbulent Transport Relations 402

9.5 Turbulent Diffusion 405

9.6 Channel Diffusion and Dispersion 416

9.7 Applications of Diffusion and Dispersion Techniques 424

PART 2 Applications of Fluid Mechanics and Transport 443

Chapter 10 Measurements 444

10.1 System Attributes and Functions 445

10.2 Pressure Measurement 451

10.3 Elevation Measurement 453

10.4 Temperature Measurement 456

10.5 Velocity Measurement 456

10.6 Rate Devices:Orifices 466

10.7 Venturi Meter,Nozzle,and Other Conduit Rate Measuring Devices 474

10.8 Open-Channel Rate Devices 479

10.9 Particle Concentration Measurements 487

10.10 Measurement of Viscosity 493

Chapter 11 Turbomachinery 505

11.1 Homologous Units:Specific Speed 506

11.2 Elementary Cascade Theory 512

11.3 Theory of Turbomachines 514

11.4 Reaction Turbines 518

11.5 Pumps and Blowers 522

11.6 Impulse Turbines 529

11.7 Cavitation 534

Chapter 12 Closed-Conduit FloW 541

12.1 Steady Flow:Exponential Pipe-Friction Formulas 542

12.2 Steady Flow:Hydraulic and Energy Grade Lines 543

12.3 Steady Flow:Pipeline Systems 550

12.4 Steady Flow:Networks of Pipes 559

12.5 Steady Flow:Methodologies for Complex Hydraulic Networks 561

12.6 Steady Flow:Noncircular Conduits,Aging of Pipes,and Additives 566

12.7 Unsteady Flow:Oscillation of Liquid in a U Tube 568

12.8 Unsteady Flow:Establishment of Flow 576

12.9 Unsteady Flow:Description of the Waterhammer Phenomenon 578

12.10 Unsteady Flow:Differential Equations for Calculation of Waterhammer 580

12.11 Unsteady Flow:The Method of Characteristics Solution 583

Chapter 13 Flow in Open Channels 605

13.1 Classification of Flow 606

13.2 Best Hydraulic Channel Cross Sections 607

13.3 Steady Uniform Flow in a Floodway 609

13.4 Hydraulic Jump and Stilling Basins 610

13.5 Specific Energy and Critical Depth 614

13.6 Transitions 617

13.7 Gradually Varied Flow 620

13.8 Classification of Surface Profiles 626

13.9 Control Sections 628

13.10 Computer Calculation of Gradually Varied Flow 629

13.11 Frictionless Positive Surge Wave in a Rectangular Channel 631

13.12 Frictionless Negative Surge Wave in a Rectangular Channel 633

Chapter 14 Applications of Transport Phenomena 643

14.1 Engineered versus Geoenvironmental Transport 643

14.2 Multiphase Flows:Particle Transport 646

14.3 Coupled Flow and Transport:Stratified Boundary Layer 660

14.4 Interfacial Transfer:Evaporation 671

14.5 Process Reactors and Tanks 685

14.6 Mechanical Mixing and Agitation 695

Appendices 707

Appendix A Force Systems,Moments,and Centroids 707

A.1 Simple Force Systems 707

A.2 First and Second Moments:Centroids 707

Appendix B Computer Programming Aids 711

Appendix C Physical Properties of Fluids 712

Appendix D Variable Notation 717

Appendix E Vector Operations and Notation 722

E.1 Notation and Definitions 722

E.2 Vector Algebra 723

E.3 Vector Operations 724

E.4 Unit Normals and Planes 725

E.5 Differential Operations 726

Appendix F Answers to Even-Numbered Problems 728