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PART 1 Digital Fundamentals 1

Chapter 1 Digital Logic 3

1.1 Boolean Logic 3

1.2 Boolean Manipulation 7

1.3 The Karnaugh map 8

1.4 Binary and Hexadecimal Numbering 10

1.5 Binary Addition 14

1.6 Subtraction and Negative Numbers 15

1.7 Multiplication and Division 17

1.8 Flip-Flops and Latches 18

1.9 Synchronous Logic 21

1.10 Synchronous Timing Analysis 23

1.11 Clock Skew 25

1.12 Clock Jitter 27

1.13 Derived Logical Building Blocks 28

Chapter 2 Integrated Circuits and the 7400 Logic Families 33

2.1 The Integrated Circuit 33

2.2 IC Packaging 38

2.3 The 7400-Series Discrete Logic Family 41

2.4 Applying the 7400 Family to Logic Design 43

2.5 Synchronous Logic Design with the 7400 Family 45

2.6 Common Variants of the 7400 Family 50

2.7 Interpreting a Digital IC Data Shect 51

Chapter 3 Basic Computer Architecture 55

3.1 The Digital Computer 56

3.2 Microprocessor Internals 58

3.3 Subroutines and the Stack 60

3.4 Reset and Interrupts 62

3.5 Implementation of an Eight-Bit Computer 63

3.6 Address Banking 67

3.7 Direct Memory Access 68

3.8 Extending the Microprocessor Bus 70

3.9 Assembly Language and Addressing Modes 72

Chapter 4 Memory 77

4.1 Memory Classifications 77

4.2 EPROM 79

4.3 Flash Memory 81

4.4 EEPROM 85

4.5 Asynchronous SRAM 86

4.6 Asynchronous DRAM 88

4.7 Multiport Memory 92

4.8 The FIFO 94

Chapter 5 Serial Communications 97

5.1 Serial vs.Parallel Communication 98

5.2 The UART 99

5.3 ASCII Data Representation 102

5.4 RS-232 102

5.5 RS-422 107

5.6 Modems and Baud Rate 108

5.7 Network Topologies 109

5.8 Network Data Formats 110

5.9 RS-485 112

5.10 A Simple RS-485 Network 114

5.11 Interchip Serial Communications 117

Chapter 6 Instructive Microprocessors and Microcomputer Elements 121

6.1 Evolution 121

6.2 Motorola 6800 Eight-bit Microprocessor Family 122

6.3 Intel 8051 Microcontroller Family 125

6.4 Microchip PIC? Microcontroller Family 131

6.5 Intel 8086 16-Bit Microprocessor Family 134

6.6 Motorola 68000 16/32-Bit Microprocessor Family 139

PART 2 Advanced Digital Systems 143

7.1 RISC and CISC 145

Chapter 7 Advanced Microprocessor Concepts 145

7.2 Cache Structures 149

7.3 Caches in Practice 154

7.4 Virtual Memory and the MMU 158

7.5 Superpipelined and Superscalar Architectures 161

7.6 Floating-Point Arithmetic 165

7.7 Digital Signal Processors 167

7.8 Performance Metrics 169

Chapter 8 High-Performance Memory Technologies 173

8.1 Synchronous DRAM 173

8.2 Double Data Rate SDRAM 179

8.3 Synchronous SRAM 182

8.4 DDR and QDR SRAM 185

8.5 Content Addressable Memory 188

Chapter 9 Networking 193

9.1 Protocol Layers One and Two 193

9.2 Protocol Layers Three and Four 194

9.3 Physical Media 197

9.4 Channel Coding 198

9.5 8B 1OB Coding 203

9.6 Error Detection 207

9.7 Checksum 208

9.8 Cyclic Redundancy Check 209

9.9 Ethernet 215

Chapter 10 Logic Design and Finite State Machines 221

10.1 Hardware Description Languages 221

10.2 CPU Support Logic 227

10.3 Clock Domain Crossing 233

10.4 Finite State Machines 237

10.5 FSM Bus Control 239

10.6 FSM Optimization 243

10.7 Pipelining 245

11.1 Custom and Programmable Logic 249

Chapter 11 Programmable Logic Devices 249

11.2 GALs and PALs 252

11.3 CPLDs 255

11.4 FPGAs 257

PART 3 Analog Basics for Digital Systems 265

Chapter 12 Electrical Fundamentals 267

12.1 Basic Circuits 267

12.2 Loop and Node Analysis 268

12.3 Resistance Combination 271

12.4 Capacitors 272

12.5 Capacitors as AC Elements 274

12.6 Inductors 276

12.7 Nonideal RLC Models 276

12.8 Frequency Domain Analysis 279

12.9 Lowpass and Highpass Filters 283

12.10 Transformers 288

Chapter 13 Diodes and Transistors 293

13.1 Diodes 293

13.2 Power Circuits with Diodes 296

13.3 Diodes in Digital Applications 298

13.4 Bipolar Junction Transistors 300

13.5 Digital Amplification with the BJT 301

13.6 Logic Functions with the BJT 304

13.7 Field-Effect Transistors 306

13.8 Power FETs and JFETs 309

Chapter 14 Operational Amplifiers 311

14.1 The Ideal Up-amp 311

14.2 Characteristics of Real Op-amps 316

14.3 Bandwidth Limitations 324

14.4 Input Resistance 325

14.5 Summation Amplifier Circuits 328

14.6 Active Filters 331

14.7 Comparators and Hysteresis 333

Chapter 15 Analog Interfaces for Digital Systems 339

15.1 Conversion between Analog and Digital Domains 339

15.2 Sampling Rate and Aliasing 341

15.3 ADC Circuits 345

15.4 DAC Circuits 348

15.5 Filters in Data Conversion Systems 350

PART 4 Digital System Design in Practice 353

Chapter 16 Clock Distribution 355

16.1 Crystal Oscillators and Ceramic Resonators 355

16.2 Low-Skew Clock Buffers 357

16.3 Zero-Delay Buffers:The PLL 360

16.4 Frequency Synthesis 364

16.5 Delay-Locked Loops 366

16.6 Source-Synchronous Clocking 367

Chapter 17 Voltage Regulation and Power Distribution 371

17.1 Voltage Regulation Basics 372

17.2 Thermal Analysis 374

17.3 Zener Diodes and Shunt Regulators 376

17.4 Transistors and Discrete Series Regulators 379

17.5 Linear Regulators 382

17.6 Switching Regulators 386

17.7 Power Distribution 389

17.8 Electrical Integrity 392

Chapter 18 Signal Integrity 397

18.1 Transmission Lines 398

18.2 Termination 403

18.3 Crosstalk 408

18.4 Electromagnetic Interference 410

18.5 Grounding and Electromagnetic Compatibility 413

18.6 Electrostatic Discharge 415

Chapter 19 Designing for Success 419

19.1 Practical Technologies 420

19.2 Printed Circuit Boards 422

19.3 Manually Wired Circuits 425

19.4 Microprocessor Reset 428

19.5 Design for Debug 429

19.6 Boundary Scan 431

19.7 Diagnostic Software 433

19.8 Schematic Capture and Spice 436

19.9 Test Equipment 440

Appendix A Further Education 443

Index 445