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CHAPTER 1 INTRODUCTION TO FIBER OPTICS 1

A Personal View 1

The Roots of Fiber Optics 2

Fibers in Communications 6

Basic Fiber Concepts 7

The Emerging Optical Network 11

Fiber Terms and Terminology 15

CHAPTER 2 FUNDAMENTALS OF FIBEROPTIC COMPONENTS 19

Basics of Optics 19

Light Guiding 27

Fiber Transmission 30

Other Optical Components 35

CHAPTER 3 FUNDAMENTALS OF COMMUNICATIONS 41

Communication Concepts 41

System Funcfions 46

Signal Formats 50

Analog and Digital Communications 51

Communications Services 55

Fiber-Optic Communication Equipment 60

CHAPTER 4 TYPES OF OPTICAL FIBERS 67

Light Guiding 67

Step-Index Multimode Fiber 70

Modes and Their Effects 74

Graded-Index Multimode Fiber 78

Single-Mode Fiber 80

Dispersion-Shifted Single-Mode Fiber 84

Polarization in Single-Mode Fiber 90

Other Fiber Types 92

CHAPTER 5 PROPERTIES OF OPTICAL FIBERS 97

Fiber Attenuation 97

Light Collection and Propagation 103

Dispersion 107

Nonlinear Effects 120

Mechanical Properties 124

CHAPTER 6 FIBER MATERIALS AND FIBER MANUFACTURE 131

Requirements for Making Optical Fibers 131

Glass Fibers 132

Fused-Silica Fibers 134

Plastic Fibers 140

Exotic Fibers and Light Guides 144

CHAPTER 7 SPECIAL-PURPOSE FIBERS 153

Fiber Gratings 153

Doped Fibers for Amplifiers and Lasers 160

Side-Glowing Decorative Fibers 165

Photonic Bandgap or Holey Fibers 166

Graded-Index Fiber Lenses 167

CHAPTER 8 CABLING 173

Cabling Basics 173

Reasons for Cabling 174

Types of Cable 177

Elements of Cable Structure 182

Cable Installation 190

Cable Changes and Failure 191

CHAPTER 9 LIGHT SOURCES 195

Light Source Considerations 195

LED Sources 199

The Laser Principle 203

Semiconductor Laser Sources 206

Vertical Cavity Semiconductor Lasers 211

Diode Laser Wavelengths and Materials 212

Semiconductor Optical Amplifiers 219

Fiber Lasers and Amplifiers 220

Other Solid-State Laser Sources 225

CHAPTER 10 TRANSMITTERS 229

Transmitter Terminology 229

Operational Considerations 230

Multiplexing 233

Modulation 236

Single-Channel Transmitter Design 239

Sample Transmitters 242

CHAPTER 11 RECEIVERS 249

Defining Receivers 249

Detector Basics 252

Performance Considerations 259

Electronic Functions 266

Sample Receiver Circuits 269

CHAPTER 12 REPEATERS,REGENERATORS,AND OPTICAL AMPLIFIERS 275

The Distance Problem 275

Types of Amplification 277

Requirements for Amplification 279

Electro-Optic Repeaters and Regenerators 280

Erbium-Doped Fiber Amplifiers 281

Other Doped Fiber Amplifiers 287

Raman Amplification in Fibers 288

Semiconductor Optical Amplifiers 289

Regeneration in Optical Amplifiers 293

CHAPTER 13 CONNECTORS AND SPLICES 299

Applications of Connectors and Splices 299

Internal Reflections 307

Fiber-to-Fiber Attenuation 307

Mechanical Considerations in Connectors 307

Connector Structures 309

Connector Installation 311

Connecting Single-and Multifiber Cables 312

Standard Connector Types 312

Splicing and Its Applications 317

Splicing lssues and Performance 319

Types of Splicing 321

CHAPTER 14 COUPLERS AND OTHER PASSIVE COMPONENTS 331

Coupler Concepts and Applications 331

Coupler Characteristics 334

Coupler Types and Technologies 339

Attenuators 345

Optical Isolators 346

Optical Circulators 347

CHAPTER 15 WAVELENGTH-DIVISION MULTIPLEXING OPTICS 355

WDM Requirements 355

Optical Filters and WDM 360

WDM Technologies 366

Building Multiplexers and Demultiplexers 376

CHAPTER 16 OPTICAL SWITCHES, MODULATORS,AND OTHER ACTIVE COMPONENTS 383

Defining Active Components 383

Modulators and Modulation 384

Switching in Optical Networks 389

Optical Switching Technologies 395

Wavelength Coversions 401

Integrated Optics 402

Optically Controlled Modulation and Switching 404

CHAPTER 17 FIBER-OPTIC MEASUREMENTS 409

Basics of Optical Power Measurement 409

Wavelength and Frequency Measurements 418

Phase and Interference Measurements 420

Polarization Measurements 422

Time and Bandwidth Measurements 423

Signal Quality Measurements 426

Fiber-Specific Measurements 428

CHAPTER 18 TROUBLESHOOTING AND TEST EQUIPMENT 439

Fiber-Optic Troubleshooting 439

Test and Measurement Instruments 442

Troubleshooting Procedures 455

CHAPTER 19 SYSTEM AND OPTICAL NETWORKING CONCEPTS 465

An Evolving Network 465

Telecommunication Network Structure 467

Transmission Topologies 470

Transmission Formats 478

Transmission Capacity 483

CHAPTER 20 FIBER SYSTEM STANDARDS 495

Why Standards Are Needed 495

Families of Standards 497

Layers of Standards 498

Transmission Format Concepts 501

Interchange Standards 504

Fiber-Transmission Standards 506

Video Standards 510

Optical Networking Standards 510

CHAPTER 21 SINGLE-CHANNEL SYSTEM DESIGN 515

Variables 515

Power Budgeting 518

Examples of Loss Budgeting 523

Transmission Capacity Budget 529

Cost/Performance Trade-offs 537

CHAPTER 22 OPTICAL NETWORKING SYSTEM DESIGN 545

WDM versus High-Speed TDM 545

Density of Optical Channels 546

Fiber Properties and WDM 550

Nonlinear Effects in WDM Systems 554

Optical Amplification and WDM Design 555

Switching and Optical Networking 558

CHAPTER 23 GLOBAL TELECOMMUNICA-TIONS APPLICATIONS 569

Defining Telecommunications 570

The Global Telecommunications Network 574

Pulting Networks Together 575

Submarine Cables 580

Long-Haul Terrestrial Systems 589

Types of Long-Distance Services 595

CHAPTER 24 REGIONAL AND METRO TELECOMMUNICATIONS 601

Regional Network Structure 601

Established Regional Telecommunication Networks 605

Metro Networks 607

Regional/Metro System Design 609

CHAPTER 25 LOCAL TELEPHONE OR ACCESS NETWORKS 619

Structure of the Local Phone Network 619

Subscriber and Access Services 626

Emerging Services and Competing Technologies 630

Passive Optical Networks 635

Gigabit Ethernet and Internet Protocol 637

CHAPTER 26 COMPUTERS AND LOCALAREA NETWORKS 643

Computer and Phone Networks 643

Internet Structure 646

Atmospheric Optical Links 651

Fiber versus Copper Links 653

Fiber-Optic Data Link Design 657

Fiber in Standard Data Networks 658

CHAPTER 27 VIDEO TRANSMISSION 669

Video Basics 669

Transmission Media 676

Cable Television Networks 677

Digital Television and Cable Systems 682

Other Video Applications 683

CHAPTER 28 MOBILE FIBER-OPTIC COMMUNICATIONS 689

Mobile Systems 689

Remotely Controlled Robotic Vehicles 690

Fibers in Aircraft 693

Shipboard Fiber-Optic Networks 695

Autamotice Fiber Optics 696

CHAPTER 29 FIBER-OPTIC SENSORS 701

Fiber-Sensing Concepts 701

Fiber-Optic Probes 702

Fiber-Sensing Mechanisms 704

Some Fiber Sensor Examples 707

Fiber-Optic Gyroscopes 709

Smart Skins and Structures 712

CHAPTER 30 IMAGING AND ILLUMI-NATING FIBER OPTICS 717

Basics of Fiber Bundles 717

Optics of Bundled Fibers 722

Imaging Applications 725

Light Piping and Illumination 728

APPENDICES 733

Appendix A Important Constants,Units,Conversion Factors,and Equations 733

Appendix B Decibles and Equivalents 737

Appendix C Standard Time-Division MultiPlexing Rates 739

Appendix D ITU Frequencies and Wavelengths for L-and C-bands,100-GHz Spacing,100 Channels 741

Appendix E Laser and Fiber Safety 743

Appendix F Fiber-Optic Resources 745

GLOSSARY 748

INDEX 765