写作通 4PDF电子书下载

第一章 语言和学习 1

PART ONE Ideas for Writing 2

Reading for Ideas:"Want to Learn a Language?Don't Make It a Mount Everest,"by Tish Durkin 5

THINKING CRITICALLY Recognizing Cultural Humor 8

PART TWO Language for Writing 10

Describing Foreign Language Learning 10

PART THREE Systems for Writing 12

Essay Form and Function 12

Focus on Testing:Editing for Correct Form and Function 16

PART FOUR Evaluating for Rewriting 17

第二章 危险和冒险 21

PART ONE Ideas for Writing 22

Reading for Ideas:Excerpt from Annapurna:A Woman's Place,by Arlene Blum 27

THINKING CRITICALLY Applying New Information 31

PART TWO Language for Writing 33

Describing Explorers 33

PART THREE Systems for Writing 34

The Thesis Statement:Topic and Angle 34

Supporting Ideas 36

Focus on Testing:Planning a Good Thesis Statement 41

PART FOUR Evaluating for Rewriting 42

第三章 男人和女人 45

PART ONE Ideas for Writing 46

Reading for Ideas:Excerpt from You Just Don't Understand,by Deborah Tannen 48

THINKING CRITICALLY Recognizing Supporting Information 52

PART TWO Language for Writing 54

Describing Communication Differences Between Men and Women 54

PART THREE Systems for Writing 55

Paragraph Development 55

Focus on Testing:Pretending You're the Reader 58

PART FOUR Evaluating for Rewriting 59

第四章 古今之谜 63

PART ONE Ideas for Writing 64

Reading for ideas:"The Giza Pyramids" 68

THINKING CRITICALLY Using Your Knowledge of Word Parts 71

PART TWO Language for Writing 72

Speculating 72

Describing Ancient Structures or Monuments 74

PART THREE Systems for Writing 76

Types of Supporting Material 76

Focus on Testing:Choosing a Familiar Topic 80

PART FOUR Evaluating for Rewriting 81

第五章 人生转折 85

PART ONE Ideas for Writing 86

Reading for Ideas:"Adolescence and Adulthood" 90

THINKING CRITICALLY Classifying Information 94

PART TWO Language for Writing 96

Discussing Rites of Passage 96

PART THREE Systems for Writing 98

Organizing Supporting Material 98

Interpreting Supporting Material 99

Focus on Testing:Editing for Good Organization and Development 102

PART FOUR Evaluating for Rewriting 102

第六章 大脑 105

PART ONE Ideas for Writing 106

Reading for Ideas:"The Dream That Haunts You,"by Kristin von Kreisler 108

THINKING CRITICALLY Interpreting Symbols 112

PART TWO Language for Writing 113

Interpreting Dreams 113

PART THREE Systems for Writing 115

Paragraph Organization:Levels of Generality 115

Focus on Testing:"Drawing"YourIdeas 118

PART FOUR Evaluating for Rewriting 121

第七章 工作 125

PART ONE Ideas for Writing 126

Reading for Ideas:"Decision by Consensus"by Alison R.Lanier 129

THINKING CRITICALLY Applying New Information 133

PART TWO Language for Writing 134

Describing Work in a Multicultural Setting 134

Describing Causes and Effects 135

PART THREE Systems for Writing 136

Cause and Effect 136

Causal Chain Essay Organization Ⅰ 138

Causal Chain Essay Organization Ⅱ 139

Focus on Testing:Having a Repertoire of Organizational Patterns 139

PART FOUR Evaluating for Rewriting 141

第八章 突破 145

PART ONE Ideas for Writing 146

Reading for Ideas:"Here Comes the Sun,"by John Greenwald 149

THINKING CRITICALLY Expanding the Literal Meanings of Words 152

PART TWO Language for Writing 154

Discussing Energy 154

Describing How Things Work 154

PART THREE Systems for Writing 156

Processes 156

Focus on Testing:Considering the Audience 157

PART FOUR Evaluating for Rewriting 158

第九章 艺术和娱乐 161

PART ONE Ideas for Writing 162

Reading for Ideas:"African Art as Nonverbal Communication,"by Thelma R.Newman 165

THINKING CRITICALLY Applying What You've Learned 168

PART TWO Language for Writing 169

Analyzing and Describing Art 169

PART THREE Systems for Writing 171

Introductions and Conclusions 171

Focus on Testing:Having a Repertoire of Introductions and Conclusions 173

PART FOUR Evaluating for Rewriting 174

第十章 伦理问题 177

PART ONE Ideas for Writing 178

Reading for Ideas:Selections from Turtle Island,by Gary Snyder 180

THINKING CRITICALLY Interpreting Metaphors 185

PART TWO Language for Writing 186

Using Abstract Nouns 186

Giving Definitions 187

PART THREE Systems for Writing 188

Definitions:Literal and Stipulated 188

Focus on Testing:Brainstorming to Get Started 190

PART FOUR Evaluating for Rewriting 191

第十一章 医药 193

PART ONE Ideas for Writing 194

Reading for Ideas:"The Shaman and the Scientist,"by Elizabeth Royte 197

THINKING CRITICALLY Making Predictions 200

PART TWO Language for Writing 202

Understanding Prefixes and Suffixes in Medical Terminology 202

Reviewing Transitions 203

PART THREE Systems for Writing 205

Comparisons 205

Focus on Testing:Getting Your Thesis Right 208

PART FOUR Evaluating for Rewriting 209

第十二章 未来 213

PART ONE Ideas for Writing 214

Reading for Ideas:"Computers Make the Workplace Less Friendly," by Curt Suplee 217

THINKING CRITICALLY Considering Both Points of View 220

PART TWO Language for Writing 222

Using Computer Terminology 222

Making Qualified Predictions 223

PART THREE Systems for Writing 224

Summarizing 224

Focus on Testing:Mastering the Art of Summary Writing 227

RART FOUR Evaluating for Rewriting 228