信息系统工程中的符号学 影印版PDF电子书下载

1 Introduction 1

1.1 Information and information systems 1

1.2 Problems and challenges in information systems 2

1.3 Approaches and methods for information systems development 5

1.4 MEASUR:a semiotic approach to information systems 7

1.5 About this book 8

Part one Semiotic framework and methods 11

2 Understanding semiotics 13

2.1 Signs and their functions 13

2.2 Semiosis and learning 15

2.3 Semiotics in computing 17

2.4 Semiotics in organisations and information systems 19

3 A semiotic framework for information systems 21

3.1 Philosophical stance 21

3.1.1 Objectivist paradigm 21

3.1.2 Subjectivist paradigm 24

3.1.3 Radical subjectivist paradigm 26

3.2 The semiotic framework 26

3.2.1 Physics 27

3.2.2 Empirics 28

3.2.3 Syntactics 29

3.2.4 Semantics 30

3.2.5 Pragmatics 31

3.2.6 The social level 33

3.3 An example of semiotic analysis 35

4 A semiotic approach to information systems development 37

4.1 MEASUR 37

4.2 How MEASUR can help in information systems development 39

4.2.1 Infrastructure analysis 40

4.2.2 Systems analysis,design and implementation 46

4.3 Summary 47

5 Knowledge representation and information analysis 49

5.1 Some basic considerations in knowledge representation 50

5.1.1 Expressive adequacy and notional efficiency 50

5.1.2 Semantic primitives 50

5.1.3 Types of knowledge 51

5.2 Representation approaches 52

5.2.1 Typical examples 52

5.2.2 Conceptual graphs 54

5.3 Some fundamental issues of information analysis 56

5.4 The role of information analysis 58

6 Semantic Analysis 61

6.1 Theoretical aspects of Semantic Analysis 61

6.1.1 Affordances 61

6.1.2 Ontology and some other fundamental notions 63

6.2 NORMA 64

6.2.1 Well-formed formula 65

6.2.2 Affordance and ontological dependency 65

6.2.3 Semiotic behaviour 67

6.2.4 Time 67

6.2.5 Determiner and identity 68

6.2.6 Generic-specific relationship 68

6.2.7 Defining authority and responsibility 69

6.2.8 Graphic representation-ontology chart 69

6.3 Using LEGOL to specify Norms 71

6.4 Conducting a Semantic Analysis 73

6.4.1 Understand the problem domain 74

6.4.2 Generating candidate affordances 75

6.4.3 Candidate grouping 76

6.4.4 Ontology charting 78

6.4.5 Norm Analysis 79

6.5 Commentary on Semantic Analysis 80

7 Pragmatics and communication 82

7.1 Hunan communication 82

7.2 Other approaches to communication 83

7.2.1 Speech Act Theory 83

7.2.2 Functional approach 86

7.2.3 Deontic logic for communication 89

7.3 Pragmatic aspect of human communication 94

7.4 The Norm Analysis method 98

7.4.1 The concept of norms 98

7.4.2 Norms in business organisations 100

7.4.3 Norm Analysis 102

7.4.4 Norms in computer systems 106

8 The social layer:modelling organisations as information systems 108

8.1 Organisations as information systems 109

8.2 The notion of responsibility 111

8.3 An organisational morphology 112

8.4 Modelling the organisation 113

8.5 Summary:requirements for an effective information modelling method 114

Part two Applications 117

9 From semiotic analysis to systems design 119

9.1 The semantic aspect of databases 119

9.2 Capturing the semantic aspect 120

9.3 Capturing the time aspect 121

9.4 Ontological modelling for conceptualisation 123

9.5 Intentions,propositional attitudes and consequent operations 124

9.6 Other aspects of databases:facts,beliefs,and knowledge 125

10 Semantic temporal databases 133

10.1 Databases 133

10.1.1 Developments in database management systems 133

10.1.2 Semantic temporal databases 136

10.2 The semantic templates 138

10.2.1 Defining a semantic template 138

10.2.2 ST for database design 139

10.3 Systems construction 142

10.4 LEGOL 143

10.4.1 Basic syntactic structure 143

10.4.2 Some important operations 145

11 Normbase:a new approach to information management 150

11.1 The Normbase concept 150

11.2 The Normbase system 152

11.2.1 The Normbase engine 152

11.2.2 The semantic temporal database 154

11.2.3 The norm store 155

11.3 Information management with the Normbase system 156

11.4 Using semiotic methods with other approaches 157

11.4.1 Relational database for implementation 158

11.4.2 Object-oriented methods for design and implementation 159

12 Case study:development of a land resources information system 164

12.1 Background 164

12.2 Semantic Analysis for requirements modelling 165

12.3 Norm Analysis 171

12.4 System design and implementation in the Normbase approach 174

12.5 Discussions and conclusions 179

13 Case study:development of a test construction system 180

13.1 Background 180

13.1.1 CONTEST project 180

13.1.2 User requirements 181

13.1.3 Why choose Semantic Analysis? 184

13.2 System analysis 186

13.3 System design 190

13.4 System construction 194

13.5 Discussion and conclusions 194

Appendix A Semantic templates and surrogate specification 196

A.1 Definition of ST 196

A.2 Examples of using ST in discourse modelling 197

A.3 Examples of surrogates 199

Appendix B LEGOL applications in the CRIS case 201

B.1 Questions and LEGOL statements 201

B.2 Output from the Normbase 203

Bibliography 208

Index 217