语言艺术的学与教PDF电子书下载

PART ONE Contexts for Teaching and Learning the Language Arts 3

CHAPTER 1 Language Arts：Learning and Teaching 3

Changing Views 7

Instructional Changes 7

Instructional Challenges 10

Learning and Teaching as Processes 14

An Active Process 14

A Social Process 16

An Emotional Process 18

A Cognitive Process 24

Strategies for Learning and Teaching 27

Learner Strategies 27

Instructional Strategies 29

Involving Families and Conmunities 35

Summary 36

Activities 36

Further Reading 37

References 38

CHAPTER 2 Organizing and Managing the Language Arts Program 41

Addressing Organization and Management Issues across Grade Levels 43

The Primary Years 43

The Intermediate Years 44

The Middle School Years 47

Establishing a Supportive Classroom Environment 51

The Social and Emotional Environment 51

The Intellectual Environment 51

The Physical Environment 51

Providing a Balanced Language Arts Program 53

Key Experiences for Language Arts Learning and Teaching 56

Managing Time 58

Accommodating Learner Variability 60

Managing Materials in the Language Arts Classroom 63

Organizing for Thematic Instruction 65

Summary 71

Activities 72

Further Reading 72

References 72

CHAPTER 3 The Role of Literature in Language Arts Teaching and Learning 75

The Benefits of a Literature-Based Language Arts Curriculum 77

Building a Literature Collection 80

Selecting Children's Books 83

Evaluating Children's Books 87

Organizing the Classroom Library 89

Structuring a Language Arts Program 91

Reading Aloud 93

Guided Reading 97

Independent Reading 98

Shared Reading 99

Literary Study 101

Summary 109

Activities 110

Further Reading 110

References 111

Children's Literature References 111

PART TWO Language Arts Processes 115

CHAPTER 4 Oral Language：Early and Later Development 115

Speaking and Listening：Separate Areas of Leaming and Teaching 118

Listening：A Special Focus 123

Oral Language Development during the Early Years 123

The Context 123

Some Descriptions of Oral Language Development 125

Oral Language-Learning Strategies 126

Written Language-Learning Strategies 128

Early Language Development in School Settings 130

Oral Language Development during the Elementary School Years and Beyond 131

Syntactic and Semantic Development 131

Pragmatic Development 133

Building on Children's Language Competence 134

Developing Vocabulary 137

Learning about Language 139

Developing Fluency 140

Oral Language Assessment 142

Language Variation across Families and Communities 142

Language Diversity in the Classroom 143

Summary 154

Activities 155

Further Reading 156

References 156

Children's Literature References 158

CHAPTER 5 Oral Language：Supporting Relationships among Talk,Listening,Reading,Writing,and Viewing in the Classroom 159

Oral Language in the Classroom 162

Discussion 165

Turn-Taking Patterns 166

Positive and Negative Evaluations 167

Information-Seeking Questions 168

Implications for Conducting Discussions 169

Oral Presentations,Drama,Choral Reading,Storytelling 175

Small-Group Literature Discussions 179

Conversations That Make Connections 180

Conversations That Focus on How Texts Work 182

Organization and Assessment of Literature-Discussion Groups 183

Talk That Supports Writing 184

Listening 185

Conferences 188

Teacher-Student Conferences 189

Student-Student Conferences 191

Assessment Conferences 192

Summary 193

Activities 193

Further Reading 194

References 195

Children's Literature References 196

CHAPTER 6 Reading：The Emergence of Literacy in the Early Years 197

Current Perspectives on Early Literacy 201

An Emergent Literacy Perspective 201

Contrasting Perspectives on Early Literacy 204

What Young Children Need to Learn about Written Language 205

Functions of Written Language 206

Conventions and Units of Written Language 209

Alphabetic/Symbolic Principles 213

Structural Principles 216

Differences between Oral and Written Language 218

How Young Children Learn about Written Language 219

Child Strategies for Literacy Learning 220

Adult Suppoort for Young Children's Literacy Learning 228

Supporting Young Children's Literacy Development in the Classroom 231

Creating a Print-Rich Environment 231

Using Literature 232

Language Charts 234

Developing Skills and Fostering Continuity 234

Summary 239

Activities 242

Further Reading 242

References 242

CHAPTER 7 Reading：Responding to and Learning from Texts through the Grades 245

Response to Literature 248

Response and Reader's Stance 251

Developing Possibilities for Response to Literature 252

Structuring Opportunities for Response 252

Structuring Activities for Response 260

Developing Literary Understanding 272

Genre Study 272

Balancing the Literacy Program 274

Developing Comprehension 274

Summary 278

Activities 278

Further Reading 279

References 279

Children's Literature References 280

CHAPTER 8 Writing：Launching Children into Writing 281

A Literature-Rich Environment 284

Meaningful Contexts for Language Use 286

How Children Develop as Writers 288

Language Diversity and Composition Instruction 294

The Writing Classroom 297

Arranging the Classroom 298

Gathering Materials 298

The Workshop in Action 303

The Writing Cycle 307

Selecting Topics 308

Generating Ideas 310

Putting Words on Paper 310

Revising 314

Editing 316

Publishing 317

Writing Conferences 319

Summary 320

Activities 321

Further Reading 321

References 322

CHAPTER 9 Writing：Writing across the Genres 323

Literary Experience,Research,and Writing 326

Developing Nonfiction Writers：Trade Books 328

Becoming Science Writers：Observation,Recording,and Writing 331

Building on Interest：Research,Writing,and Oral Presentations 335

Researching,Writing,and Reporting 339

Turning Fact into Fiction：Writing Historical Fiction 346

One Young Writers Story："Gettysburg Ghost" 351

Writing Poetry 353

Summary 360

Activities 361

Further Reading 361

References 362

Children's Literature References 362

PART THREE Links and Supports for Language Arts Learning and Teaching 367

CHAPTER 10 Word Study,Vocabulary,and Spelling Supports for Literacy 367

Word Study 369

Learning to Read Words 369

Guidelines for Word Study 371

Strategies for Word Study 373

Vocabulary Development 379

Importance of Building Rich Vocabularies 379

Spelling 387

Spelling Development 390

The Spelling Program 392

Strategies That Support Spelling Development 398

Summary 405

Activities 406

Further Reading 406

References 407

CHAPTER 11 Written Language Conventions：Grammar,Punctuation,and Handwriting 409

Grammar 411

Grammar and Usage 412

Strategies for Instruction in Grammar and Usage 414

Punctuation 418

Supporting the Development of Punctuation and Capitalization Skills 418

Assessing Sentence Structure and Mechanics 424

Proofreading and Editing 425

Assessing Grammar,Usage,and Punctuation 428

Handwriting 431

Overview of Handwriting Development 431

Strategies for Teaching Handwriting 432

Helping Students with Special Needs 435

Assessing Handwriting 435

Summary 436

Activities 437

Further Reading 438

References 438

Children's Literature References 438

CHAPTER 12 Linking Assessment and Instruction 439

Key Issues and Types of Assessments 441

Strategies for Classroom Assessment 444

Observing Language Learners 444

Making Use of Portfolios 472

Structured Performance Assessment 486

Summary 486

Activities 487

Further Reading 487

References 488

Children's Literature References 489

CHAPTER 13 Language Arts Learning and Teaching across the Curriculum 491

Inquiry as a Way of Knowing 493

Planning an Inquiry-Based Curriculum 494

Guidelines for Planning 494

The Guidelines in Action 496

Bringing Language and Literacy Together through Inquiry 499

Talking to Learn 499

Listening to Learn 500

Reading to Learn 502

Writing to Learn 504

Viewing to Learn 507

Teaching as Professional Inquiry and Change 508

Teachers as Learners in the Primary Grades 508

Teachers as Learners in the Intermediate Grades 513

Teachers as Learners in the Upper Grades 523

Summary 529

Activities 530

Further Reading 530

References 531

Children's Literature References 532

Teacher's Choices in Children's Literature 534

Name＆Title Index 539

Subject Index 543