国际物流 国际贸易中的运作管理 第2版PDF电子书下载

Chapter One Introduction 1

1-1 International Trade Growth 3

1-2 International Trade Milestones 4

1-2a The Bretton-Woods Conference 4

1-2b The World Trade Organization 4

1-2c The Treaty of Rome 4

1-2d The Creation of the Euro 4

1-3 Largest Exporting and Importing Countries 5

1-4 International Trade Drivers 5

1-4a Cost Drivers 5

1-4b Competitive Drivers 7

1-4c Market Drivers 8

1-4d Technology Drivers 9

1-5 International Trade Theories 9

1-5a Smith's Theory of Absolute Advantage 9

1-5b Ricardo's Theory of Comparative Advantage 10

1-5c Heckscher-Ohlin Factor Endowment Theory 10

1-5d International Product Life Cycle 11

1-5e Porter's Cluster Theory 11

1-6 The International Business Environment 12

Key Terms 13

Review and Discussion Questions 13

Endnotes 13

Chapter Two International Supply Chain Management 15

2-1 Historical Development of International Logistics 16

2-1a The Early,“Slow”Days 16

2-1b The Move Toward Speed 17

2-1c The Emphasis on Customer Satisfaction 18

2-2 Definitions of Logistics and Supply Chain Management 19

2-2a Logistics 20

2-2b Supply Chain Management 20

2-3 Definition of International Logistics 22

2-4 Definition of International Supply Chain Management 22

2-5 Elements of International Logistics 23

2-6 The Economic Importance of Logistics 24

2-7 The Economic Importance of International Logistics 25

Key Terms 26

Review and Discussion Questions 26

Endnotes 26

Chapter Three International Logistics Infrastructure 29

3-1 Definitions 30

3-2 Transportation Infrastructure 30

3-2a Port Infrastructure 31

3-2b Canals and Waterways Infrastructure 36

3-2c Airport Infrastructure 38

3-2d Rail Infrastructure 40

3-2e Road Infrastructure 42

3-2f Warehousing Infrastructure 46

3-3 Communication Infrastructure 46

3-3a Mail Services 46

3-3b Telecommunications Services 47

3-4 Utilities Infrastructure 49

3-4a Electricity 49

3-4b Water and Sewer 50

3-4c Energy Pipelines 50

Key Terms 51

Review and Discussion Questions 51

Endnotes 51

Chapter Four Methods of Entry into Foreign Markets 55

4-1 Entry Strategy Factors 56

4-2 Indirect Exporting 57

4-2a Export Trading Company(ETC) 57

4-2b Export Management Corporation(EMC) 58

4-2c Piggy-Backing 59

4-3 Active Exporting 60

4-3a Agent 60

4-3b Distributor 61

4-3c Additional Issues in the Agent-Distributorship Decision 62

4-3d Marketing Subsidiary 63

4-3e Coordinating Direct Export Strategies 63

4-3f Foreign Sales Corporation(FSC) 65

4-4 Production Abroad 65

4-4a Subcontracting/Contract Manufacturing 65

4-4b Licensing 66

4-4c Franchising 67

4-4d Joint Venture 67

4-4e Subsidiary 69

4-5 Parallel Imports 71

4-6 Counterfeit Goods 72

4-7 Other Issues in Methods of Entry 73

4-7a Foreign Trade Zones(FTZ) 73

4-7b Maquiladoras 74

4-7c Foreign Corrupt Practices Act 74

Key Terms 75

Review and Discussion Questions 75

Endnotes 75

Chapter Five International Contracts 77

5-1 Lex Mercatoria 78

5-2 International Sales Contracts and the CISG 79

5-2a Contract Formation 80

5-2b Creation of the Contract 80

5-2c Breach of Contract 81

5-3 Agency versus Distributorship Legal Issues 81

5-3a Contract Law versus Labor Law 82

5-3b Home Government Restrictions 82

5-4 Elements of an Agency or Distributor Contract 83

5-4a Contract Language 83

5-4b Good Faith 83

5-4c Force Majeure 84

5-4d Scope of Appointment 84

5-4e Territory 84

5-4f Corporate Accounts 85

5-4g Term of Appointment 85

5-4h Choice of Law 86

5-4i Choice of Forum or Venue 86

5-4i Arbitration Clause 87

5-4k Mediation Clause 87

5-4l Profitability or Commission 87

5-4m Miscellaneous Other Clauses 88

5-5 Termination 90

5-5a Just Cause 90

5-5b Convenience 91

5-6 Arbitration 91

5-7 Mediation 93

Key Terms 93

Review and Discussion Questions 93

Endnotes 94

Chapter Six Terms of Trade or Incoterms 97

6-1 International Commerce Terms 99

6-2 Understanding Incoterms 99

6-3 Incoterm Strategy 99

6-4 Ex-Works(EXW) 100

6-4a Delivery under EXW 101

6-4b Exporter's and Importer's Responsibilities under EXW 102

6-5 Free Carrier(FCA) 102

6-5a Delivery under FCA 103

6-5b Exporter's and Importer's Responsibilities under FCA 103

6-6 Free Alongside Ship(FAS) 103

6-6a Delivery under FAS 104

6-6b Exporter's and Importer's Responsibilities under FAS 104

6-7 Free on Board(FOB)Port of Departure 104

6-7a Delivery under FOB 105

6-7b Exporter's and Importer's Responsibilities under FOB 105

6-8 Cost and Freight(CFR) 106

6-8a Delivery under CFR 106

6-8b Exporter's and Importer's Responsibilities under CFR 107

6-9 Cost,Insurance,and Freight(CIF) 107

6-9a Delivery under CIF 108

6-9b Exporter's and Importer's Responsibilities under CIF 109

6-10 Carriage Paid To(CPT) 109

6-10a Delivery under CPT 109

6-10b Exporter's and Importer's Responsibilities under CPT 109

6-11 Carriage and Insurance Paid To(CIP) 110

6-11a Delivery under CIP 110

6-11b Exporter's and Importer's Responsibilities under CIP 110

6-12 Delivered Ex-Ship(DES) 110

6-12a Delivery under DES 111

6-12b Exporter's and Importer's Responsibilities under DES 111

6-13 Delivered Ex-Quay(DEQ) 112

6-13a Delivery under DEQ 112

6-13b Exporter's and Importer's Responsibilities under DEQ 112

6-14 Delivered at Frontier(DAF) 112

6-14a Delivery under DAF 113

6-14b Exporter's and Importer's Responsibilities under DAF 113

6-15 Delivered Duty Unpaid(DDU) 113

6-15a Delivery under DDU 114

6-15b Exporter's and Importer's Responsibilities under DDU 114

6-16 Delivered Duty Paid(DDP) 114

6-16a Delivery under DDP 115

6-16b Exporter's and Importer's Responsibilities under DDP 115

6-17 Electronic Data Interchange 115

6-18 Common Errors in Incoterm Usage 116

6-18a Incoterms Confusion with Domestic Terms 116

6-18b Incoterms Confusion with Older Incoterm Versions 117

6-18c Improper Use of Correct Incoterms 117

6-19 Incoterms as a Marketing Tool 118

Key terms 118

Review and Discussion Questions 118

Endnotes 119

Chapter Seven Terms of Payment 121

7-1 Characteristics of International Payment Issues 122

7-2 Alternative Terms of Payment 124

7-3 Risks in International Trade 124

7-3a Country Risk 125

7-3b Commercial Risk 126

7-3c Exposure 126

7-4 Cash in Advance 126

7-4a Definition 126

7-4b Applicability 127

7-5 Open Account 127

7-5a Definition 127

7-5b Applicability 127

7-5c Commercial Insurance 128

7-5d Factoring 128

7-6 Letter of Credit 128

7-6a Definition 128

7-6b Process 129

7-6c Additional Information 132

7-6d Stand-By Letters of Credit 135

7-6e Applicability 135

7-6f URR 525 135

7-7 Documentary Collection 136

7-7a Definition 136

7-7b Sight Draft 136

7-7c Time Draft 136

7-7d Date Draft 137

7-7e Instruction Letter 137

7-7f Trade Acceptance 137

7-7g Banker's Acceptance and Aval 138

7-7h URC 522 138

7-7i Applicability 138

7-7j Forfaiting 139

7-8 Procurement Cards 139

7-9 TradeCard 140

7-10 Bank Guarantees 141

7-10a Definition 141

7-10b Guarantee Payable on First Demand (at First Request) 141

7-10c Guarantees based upon Documents—Cautions 141

7-10d Stand-By Letters of Credit 141

7-10e Types of Bank Guarantees 142

7-11 Terms of Payment as a Marketing Tool 142

Key Terms 143

Review and Discussion Questions 143

Endnotes 144

Chapter Eight Currency of Payment(Managing Transaction Risks) 147

8-1 Sales Contract's Currency of Quote 148

8-1a Exporter's Currency 149

8-1b Importer's Currency 150

8-1c Third Country's Currency 150

8-1d The Special Status of the Euro 151

8-2 The System of Currency Exchange Rates 151

8-2a Types of Exchange Rates 152

8-2b Types of Currencies 156

8-3 Theories of Exchange Rate Determinations 158

8-3a Purchasing Power Parity 158

8-3b Fisher Effect 161

8-3c International Fisher Effect 161

8-3d Interest Rate Parity 162

8-3e Forward Rate as Unbiased Predictor of Spot Rate 163

8-3f Entire Predictive Model 164

8-4 Exchange Rate Forecasting 164

8-4a Technical Forecasting 165

8-4b Fundamental Forecasting 165

8-4c Market-Based Forecasting 166

8-5 Managing Transaction Exposure 167

8-5a Risk Retention 167

8-5b Forward Market Hedges 168

8-5c Money Market Hedges 168

8-5d Options Market Hedges 169

8-6 International Banking Institutions 170

8-6a Central National Banks 171

8-6b International Monetary Fund 171

8-6c Bank for International Settlements 171

8-6d International Bank for Reconstruction and Development—World Bank 171

8-6e Ex-Im Bank 172

8-6f Society for Worldwide Interbank Financial Telecommunication (SWIFT) 172

8-7 Currency of Payment as a Marketing Tool 172

Key Terms 173

Review and Discussion Questions 173

Endnotes 174

Chapter Nine International Commercial Documents 177

9-1 Documentation Requirements 178

9-2 Invoices 179

9-2a Commercial Invoice 179

9-2b Pro-forma Invoice 181

9-2c Consular Invoice 181

9-2d Specialized Commercial Invoices 182

9-3 Export Documents 182

9-3a Export Licenses 182

9-3b U.S.Export Controls 183

9-3c Shipper's Export Declaration 185

9-3d Certificates of End-Use 187

9-3e Export Taxes 188

9-3f Export Quotas 188

9-4 Import Documents 188

9-4a Certificate of Origin 188

9-4b Certificate of Manufacture 189

9-4c Certificate of Inspection 190

9-4d Cettificate of Certification 192

9-4e Phyto-Sanitary Certificate 193

9-4f Certificate of Analysis 193

9-4g Certificate of Free Sale 193

9-4h Import License 195

9-4i Consular Invoice 195

9-4i Certificate of Insurance 195

9-5 Transportation Documents 195

9-5a Bill of Lading 195

9-5b Uniform Bill of Lading 197

9-5c Intermodal Bill of Lading 197

9-5d Air Waybill 197

9-5e Chatter Parties 198

9-5f Packing List 199

9-5g Shipper's Letter of Instruction 199

9-5h Shipments of Dangerous Goods 199

9-5i Manifest 201

9-6 Electronic Data Interchange 202

9-6a Proprietary Commercial Electronic Data Interchange 202

9-6b Network Electronic Data Interchange:SWIFT's Bolero System 202

9-7 Document Preparation as a Marketing Tool 203

Key Terms 204

Review and Discussion Questions 204

Endnotes 205

Chapter Ten International Insurance 207

10-1 Pitfals of International Insurance 208

10-2 Insurance Glossary 209

10-3 Perils of the Sea 210

10-3a Cargo Movements 210

10-3b Water Damage 211

10-3c Overboard Losses 214

10-3d Jettison 214

10-3e Fire 215

10-3f Sinking 216

10-3g Stranding 216

10-3h General Average 217

10-3i Theft 218

10-3i Piracy 219

10-3k Other Risks 220

10-4 Perils Associated with Air Shipments 222

10-5 Insurable Interest 224

10-6 Risk Management 225

10-6a Risk Retention 225

10-6b Risk Transfer 226

10-6c Mixed Approach 226

10-7 Marine Insurance Policies 226

10-7a Marine Cargo Insurance 227

10-7b Hull Insurance 228

10-7c Protection and Indemnity 228

10-8 Coverages under a Marine Cargo Insurance Policy 228

10-8a Institute Marine Cargo Clauses—Coverage A 229

10-8b All Risks Coverage 230

10-8c Institute Marine Cargo Clauses—Coverage B 230

10-8d Institute Marine Cargo Clauses—Coverage C 230

10-8e With Average Coverage 231

10-8f Free of Particular Average Coverage 232

10-8g Strikes Coverage 232

10-8h War and Seizure Coverage 232

10-8i Warehouse-to-Warehouse Coverage 233

10-8i Difference in Conditions 233

10-8k Other Clauses of a Marine Insurance Policy 233

10-9 Elements of an Airfreight Policy 234

10-10 Filing an Insurance Claim 235

10-10a Notification 235

10-10b Protection of the Damaged Cargo 235

10-10c Filing of a Claim 236

10-10d Carrier Liability Limits 237

10-11 Lloyd's 237

10-11a Principles 238

10-11b Lloyd's in International Logistics 239

10-12 Commercial Credit Insurance 239

10-12a Risks Involved 240

10-12b Risk Management Alternatives 240

10-12c Insurance Policies Available 240

Key Terms 242

Review and Discussion Questions 242

Endnotes 243

Chapter Eleven International Ocean Transportation 247

11-1 Types of Service 248

11-2 Size of Vessels 248

11-2a Dead-Weight Tonnage and Cubic Capacity 249

11-2b Gross and Net Tonnage 249

11-2c Displacement 249

11-2d Plimsoll Mark and Load Lines 250

11-2e Size Categories 251

11-3 Types of Vessels 252

11-3a Containerships 253

11-3b Roll-On/Roll-Off Ships 256

11-3c Break-Bulk or General Merchandise Ships 257

11-3d Combination Ships 258

11-3e LASH Ships 258

11-3f Product,Chemical,and Crude Carriers 259

11-3g Dry-Bulk Carriers 261

11-3h Gas Carriers 263

11-4 Flag 264

11-5 Conferences 266

11-6 Liability Conventions 267

11-7 Non-Vessel-Operating Common Carriers 268

11-8 Security Requirements 269

11-8a United States'Security Requirements 270

11-8b Other Countries'Security Requirements 271

11-8c International Ship and Port Security(ISPS) 271

11-8d Commercial Efforts 271

11-8e Effectiveness of Security Measures 271

Key Terms 272

Review and Discussion Questions 272

Endnotes 273

Chapter Twelve International Air Transportation 277

12-1 Types of Service 279

12-2 Types of Aircrafts 280

12-2a Passenger Airplanes 280

12-2b Combis 280

12-2c Freighters 281

12-2d Charters 283

12-3 International Regulations 283

12-4 Freight Tariffs 286

Key Terms 286

Review and Discussion Questions 286

Endnotes 287

Chapter Thirteen International Land and Multi-Modal Transportation 289

13-1 Truck Transportation 290

13-2 Rail Transportation 293

13-3 Intermodal Transportation 296

13-3a Types of Seagoing Containers 297

13-3b Land Bridges 301

13-3c Liability Issues 302

13-3d Aircraft Containers 303

13-4 Freight Forwarders 303

13-5 Project Cargo 304

13-6 Alternative Means of Transportation 305

13-6a Pipelines 305

13-6b Barges 306

Key Terms 306

Review and Discussion Questions 306

Endnotes 307

Chapter Fourteen Packaging for Export 309

14-1 Packaging Functions 310

14-2 Packaging Objectives 311

14-3 Ocean Cargo 312

14-3a Full-Container-Load(FCL)Cargo 312

14-3b Less-than-Container-Load(LCL)Cargo 316

14-3c Break-Bulk Cargo 316

14-3d Wood Requirements 320

14-3e Markings 321

14-4 Air Transport 323

14-4a Containers 323

14-4b Packaging Materials 323

14-4c Markings 324

14-5 Road and Rail Transport 324

14-6 Security 324

14-7 Hazardous Cargo 326

14-8 Refrigerated Goods 327

14-9 Domestic Retail Packaging Issues 328

14-9a Size 328

14-9b Legal Issues 329

14-9c Storage and Transportation Environment 329

14-10 Packaging as a Marketing Tool 329

Key Terms 330

Review and Discussion Questions 330

Endnotes 331

Chapter Fifteen Customs Clearance 333

15-1 Duty 334

15-1a Classification 334

15-1b Valuation 336

15-1c Rules of Origin 337

15-1d Tariffs 338

15-1e Dumping 341

15-1f Other Taxes 342

15-1g Value-Added Tax 343

15-2 Non-Tariff Barriers 344

15-2a Quotas 344

15-2b Adherence to National Standards 345

15-2c Other Non-Tariff Barriers 346

15-2d Pre-Shipment Inspections 347

15-3 Customs Clearing Process 348

15-3a General Process 348

15-3b Customs Brokers 350

15-3c Customs Bonds 350

15-3d Reasonable Care 350

15-3e Required Documentation 351

15-3f Required Markings 351

15-3g Merchandise Visas 352

15-3h Duty Drawbacks 352

15-4 Foreign Trade Zones 353

Key Terms 354

Review and Discussion Questions 354

Endnotes 354

Chapter Sixteen Using International Logistics for Competitive Advantage 359

16-1 Communication Challenges 360

16-2 International English 361

16-3 Special English 363

16-4 Metric System 363

16-5 Cultural Sensitivity 365

16-6 Specific Advice 366

16-6a Terms of Payment 366

16-6b Currency of Payment 366

16-6c Incoterms 367

16-6d Document Preparation 367

16-6e Packaging 367

Key Terms 368

Review and Discussion Questions 368

Endnotes 368

Glossary 369

Index 383