语言测试与效度验证 基于证据的研究方法 英文版PDF电子书下载

Introduction 1

Part 1 Testing as Validity 3

1 Language Testing Past and Present 5

1.1 The Cambridge Proficiency Examination 1913-1945:'The Garden of Eden','the pre-scientific era' 5

1.2 Developments in the 1960s:the move towards a language-based examination 7

1.3 The 1975 and 1984 revisions:'The Promised Land'? 8

2 The Nature of Test Validity 11

3 Before the Test Event:A Priori Validity Evidence 17

3.1 Theory-based validity 17

3.2 Context validity 19

4 After the Test Event:A Posteriori Validity Evidence 22

4.1 Scoring validity 22

4.2 Criterion-related validity 35

4.3 Consequential validity 37

Part 2 New Frameworks for Developing and Validating Tests of Reading,Listening,Speaking and Writing 41

Introduction 43

5 Test Takers 51

5.1 Physical/physiological characteristics:making accommodations 52

5.2 Psychological characteristics:affective schemata 53

5.3 Experiential characteristics:familiarity 54

6 Context Validity in Action 56

6.1 Task setting 57

6.2 Task demands 68

6.3 Setting and test administration 82

7 Theory-based Validity in Action 85

7.1 Reading 87

7.2 Listening 95

7.3 Speaking 102

7.4 Writing 108

8 Response Formats 119

8.1 Techniques for testing reading comprehension 119

8.2 Techniques for testing listening comprehension 132

8.3 Techniques for testing speaking 143

8.4 Techniques for testing written production 161

9 Scoring Validity in Action 177

9.1 Scoring written production 179

9.2 Scoring speaking tests 191

9.3 Internal reliability of receptive tests 201

9.4 Scores,grading and post-exam validation procedures 205

10 External Validities in Action 207

10.1 Criterion-related validity 207

10.2 Consequential validity 210

Part 3 Generating Validity Evidence 217

Introduction 219

11 Research Methodologies for Exploring the Validity of a Test 221

11.1 An introductory note on research 221

11.2 A priori validation:investigating the specification of the construct and the operationalization of the test 222

11.3 Establishing context validity 224

11.4 Establishing theory-based validity evidence 233

11.5 Establishing scoring validity evidence 247

11.6 Establishing evidence on a posteriori validities 259

Part 4 Further Resources in Language Testing 271

12 Key Sources 273

12.1 Books 273

12.2 Journals 274

12.3 Professional associations 275

12.4 Principal testing conferences 276

12.5 Email lists and bulletin boards 277

12.6 Internet sites 277

12.7 Databases 280

12.8 Statistical packages 280

Postscript 283

References 285

Index 299