语言学流派与发展PDF电子书下载

Chapter 1 Introduction:Linguistics and Schools of Linguistics 1

1.1 What Is Linguistics? 1

1.2 Schools of Linguistics 2

Chapter 2 Traditional Grammar 6

2.0 Introduction 6

2.1 Sanskrit Grammar in Ancient India 7

2.2 Grammar in Ancient Greece 9

2.3 Grammar in Ancient Rome 12

2.4 Grammar in the Middle Ages 14

2.5 Linguistics from the Renaissance to the 18th Century 16

2.6 Linguistic Tradition in the Middle East and China 18

2.7 Summary 21

Chapter 3 Historical and Comparative Linguistics 23

3.0 Introduction 23

3.1 Early Development of Historical Linguistics 24

3.2 Rask,Grimm and Bopp 25

3.3 Wilhelm von Humboldt 29

3.4 Historical Linguistics in the Mid-19th Century 31

3.5 The Study of Ablaut 33

3.6 Neogrammarians 34

3.7 Jespersen and International Phonetic Alphabet 36

3.8 Summary 38

Chapter 4 Schools of European Structuralism 39

4.0 Introduction 39

4.1 Saussure and Course in General Linguistics 40

4.1.1 Historical Background and Sources of Saussure's Ideas 40

4.1.2 Saussure's Contributions to General Linguistics 41

4.1.2.1 Langue vs. Parole 42

4.1.2.2 Signifier vs. Signified 43

4.1.2.3 Arbitrariness 44

4.1.2.4 Linear Nature(Syntagmatic vs. Paradigmatic) 45

4.1.2.5 Synchronic Linguistics vs. Diachronic Linguistics 46

4.1.3 Saussure's Impact and Legacy 47

4.2 French School 47

4.2.1 French Post-Saussurean Linguistics 47

4.2.2 Martinet's Structural-Functional Linguistics 48

4.3 Prague School 50

4.3.1 Mathesius and Functional Sentence Perspective(FSP) 51

4.3.2 Trubetzkoy and Principles of Phonology 53

4.3.3 Jakobson and Distinctive Features 55

4.3.4 Markedness Theory 57

4.4 Copenhagen School 59

4.4.1 Introduction to the Copenhagen Linguistic Circle 59

4.4.2 Hielmslev and Glossematics 60

4.5 Summary 61

Chapter 5 Schools of American Descriptivism and Structuralism 63

5.0 Introduction 63

5.1 Early Period:Boas and Sapir 64

5.1.1 Boas and his Linguistic Views 64

5.1.2 Sapir and his Linguistic Method and Theories 66

5.1.2.1 Sapir the Man 66

5.1.2.2 Sapir's Linguistic Method and Theories 67

5.1.3 The Sapir-Whorf Hypothesis 69

5.2 Bloomfieldian Age 71

5.2.1 Bloomfield and the Stimulus-Response Theory 71

5.2.2 Immediate Constituent Analysis(IC Analysis) 74

5.3 Post-Bloomfieldian Age 76

5.3.1 Harris and his Linguistic Views 77

5.3.2 Hockett and his Linguistic Views 79

5.4 Summary 82

Chapter 6 Generative Schools 84

6.0 Introduction 84

6.1 Chomsky and the Innateness Hypothesis 85

6.2 Transformational-Generative Grammar 87

6.2.1 The Classical Theory 89

6.2.2 The Standard Theory 91

6.2.3 The Extended Standard Theory 93

6.2.4 Government and Binding Theory 95

6.2.4.1 Phrase Structures and X-bar Theory 96

6.2.4.2 C-Command and Government 98

6.2.4.3 Binding Theory 102

6.2.5 Minimalism 104

6.3 Generative Phonology and Optimality Theory 106

6.3.1 Generative Phonology 106

6.3.2 Optimality Theory 110

6.3.2.1 Input and GEN:the Candidate Set 111

6.3.2.2 CON:the Constraint Set 111

6.3.2.3 EVAL:Definition of Optimality 112

6.4 Generative Semantics 116

6.5 Summary 117

Chapter 7 London School 119

7.0 Introduction 119

7.1 Malinowski's Theories 120

7.2 Firth's Theories 121

7.2.1 Firth's Study of Meaning 122

7.2.2 Firth's Prosodic Analysis 124

7.3 Neo-Firthian Age 126

7.3.1 Randolph Quirk and his Linguistic Studies 126

7.3.2 Robins and his Linguistic Studies 128

7.3.3 Sinclair and his Linguistic Studies 129

7.3.4 John Lyons and his Linguistic Studies 130

7.4 Summary 131

Chapter 8 Systemic-Functional School 133

8.0 Introduction 133

8.1 Halliday and his Linguistic Views 133

8.1.1 Halliday the Man 133

8.1.2 Halliday's Linguistic Views 134

8.1.3 Halliday's Early Study:Scale and Category Grammar 136

8.2 Systemic Grammar 136

8.2.1 Entry Condition 138

8.2.2 Meaning Potential and Realization 138

8.3 Functional Grammar 139

8.3.1 Ideational Function 140

8.3.1.1 Material Processes 141

8.3.1.2 Mental Processes 141

8.3.1.3 Relational Processes 142

8.3.1.4 Verbal Processes 143

8.3.1.5 Behavioural Processes 143

8.3.1.6 Existential Processes 143

8.3.2 Interpersonal Function 144

8.3.3 Textual Function 146

8.4 Register and Genre 147

8.4.1 Context of Situation:Register 148

8.4.1.1 Field 148

8.4.1.2 Tenor 148

8.4.1.3 Mode 149

8.4.2 Context of Culture:Genre 149

8.5 Cohesion and Coherence 151

8.5.1 Cohesion 151

8.5.2 Coherence 153

8.6 Grammatical Metaphor 155

8.6.1 Ideational Metaphor 156

8.6.2 Interpersonal Metaphor 157

8.6.2.1 Metaphor of Modality 158

8.6.2.2 Metaphor of Mood 158

8.6.3 Textual Metaphor 158

8.7 Martin and Appraisal Theory 159

8.7.1 Attitude:Ways of Feeling 160

8.7.1.1 Affect 160

8.7.1.2 Judgment 161

8.7.1.3 Appreciation 162

8.7.2 Engagement 163

8.7.2.1 Disclaim 165

8.7.2.2 Proclaim 165

8.7.2.3 Entertain 165

8.7.2.4 Attribute 165

8.7.3 Graduation 165

8.7.3.1 Force 166

8.7.3.2 Focus 166

8.8 Summary 167

Chapter 9 American Functional Schools 169

9.0 Introduction 169

9.1 Pike and Tagmemics 169

9.1.1 Pike and his Linguistic View 169

9.1.2 Tagmemics 171

9.2 Case Grammar 172

9.3 Lamb's Stratificational Grammar 176

9.4 Kuno's Functional Syntax 177

9.5 Chafe Grammar 182

9.6 Role and Reference Grammar 183

9.7 West Coast Functionalism 188

9.8 Summary 189

Chapter 10 Cognitive Linguistic School 191

10.0 Introduction 191

10.1 Some Basic Concepts 193

10.1.1 Categorization and Prototype 193

10.1.2 Figure and Ground 195

10.1.3 Frame,Domain,Script and ICM 197

10.1.3.1 Frame 197

10.1.3.2 Domain 198

10.1.3.3 Script 200

10.1.3.4 Idealized Cognitive Models(ICMs) 200

10.1.4 Image Schemata 201

10.2 Langacker and Cognitive Grammar 202

10.2.1 The Relation of Grammar to Cognition 203

10.2.2 Cognitive Grammar in Operation 204

10.2.3 Construction Grammar 205

10.3 Cognitive Semantics 206

10.3.1 Embodied Realism 207

10.3.2 Prototype Theory 207

10.3.3 Lexical Network Theory 208

10.3.4 Lakoff,Johnson,and Conceptual Metaphor Theory 209

10.3.5 Conceptual Metonymy Theory 212

10.3.6 Cognifive Pragmatics 213

10.3.7 Fauconnier and his Mental Space Views 214

10.3.7.1 Mental Space Theory 214

10.3.7.2 Blending Theory 216

10.4 Iconicity 219

10.5 Grammaticalization 222

10.6 Summary 224