第二语言学习与教学PDF电子书下载

1． Second language learning and language teaching 1

1 The scope of this book 1

2 What a teacher can expect from L2 learning research 3

3 The independence of L2 learning research 6

2． Learning different types of grammar 14

1 What is grammar? 15

2 Grammatical morphemes 19

3 The multidimensional model 22

4 Language universals; relative clauses 27

5 Principles and parameters grammar 30

6 L2 learning of grammar and L2 teaching 33

3． Learning the components of language 39

1 Acquisition of pronunciation 40

2 Acquisition of vocabulary 48

3 Acquisition of conversational discourse 58

4． Processes in using second languages 64

1 Short-term memory processes 65

2 Reading and longer-term memory processes 71

3 Processes in listening 76

4 Codeswitching by second language users 83

5 Communication strategies 87

5． Learners as individuals 95

1 Motivation: what sort of motivation is good for L2 learning? 96

2 Aptitude: are some people better at learning a second language than others? 100

3 Learning strategies: how do learners vary in their approaches to L2 learning? 103

4 Age: are young L2 learners better than old learners? 108

5 Are other personality traits important to L2 learning? 114

6． Language and input in the L2 classroom 118

1 L2 learning inside the classroom 119

2 Language in the communicative classroom 125

3 Language input and language training 127

7． Multilingual societies and the goals of language teaching 134

1 The different roles of second languages in societies 135

2 The goals of language teaching 141

8． General models of L2 learning 152

1 Models of knowledge: Universal Grammar 153

2 Processing models: the competition model and the information processing model 159

3 Multicomponent models: the competence/control model and the input hypothesis 163

4 Social models: the socio--educational model and the acculturation model 167

9． Second language learning and language teaching styles 173

1 The academic style 176

2 T he audiolingual style 179

3 The social communicative style 184

4 The information communicative style 190

5 The mainstream EFL style 195

6 Other styles 198

Afterword: the proper uses of second language acquisition research in language teaching 204

EFL course books mentioned in text 209

References 211

Index 225

文库索引 229