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Part One Sentence Structure in Composition 第一部 在炼意中炼句 1

Unit 1．Statement of Thought and the Sentence in Composition 思想表达和句子 1

1.1 Structuring Ideas through the Manipulation of Sentence Structure in Composition 1

1.2 A Fundamental Truth about Prose 2

1）Syntactical Effect 3

2）Contextual Effect 4

Unit 2．Emphatic Positions in Sentence 句子的强调位置 7

2.1 Exploiting the Natural Positions 7

1）The Beginning 7

2）The End 9

2.2　Exploiting the Unnatural Emphatic Positions 13

1）Using Special Sentence Patterns 13

2）Using Mechanical Devices 14

Unit 3．Subordination 从属关系 17

3.1　The Main Statement and the Contributing Ideas 17

3.2 Syntactical Effect 18

1）Adverbial Clause 18

2）Adjective Clause 19

3）Noun Clause 20

3.3　Faulty Subordination 22

Unit 4．Participles 分词 29

4.1　Usage 29

4.2　Positions 31

1）Front,Middle and End Position in General 31

2）Logical Sequence 32

3）Cause and Effect 32

4）Supporting Details 32

4.3　Incorrect Reference 33

Unit 5．Appositives and Noun Cluster 同位语与名词组合结构 38

5.1 What is an Appositive 38

5.2 Usage 39

1）Emphasis 39

2）Variety 40

3）Brevity 43

4）Precision 43

5）Details 44

5.3　Words or Phrases of the Same Syntactic Class 45

5.4　Indicators of Appositives 46

5.5 Noun Cluster 46

Unit 6．Prepositional Phrases 由介词短语构成的从属关系 50

6.1 Usage 50

6.2 Positions 52

Unit 7 Absolutes 独立结构 62

7.1 Definition and Uses of the Nominative Absolute 62

7.2　Positions of Absolute 64

7.3 The Making of the Nominative Absolute 66

7.4 Where Is the Main Clause? 69

Unit 8．Special Coordination 特殊并列结构 75

8.1 The Usage of Special Coordination 75

1）Force and Clarity 75

2）Variety and Brevity 76

3）Harmony and Rhythm 77

4）Climax 77

8.2 Three Kinds of Special Coordination 78

1）Parallelism 78

2）Balance or Antithesis 82

3）Correlation 83

8.3 Analysis of a Paragraph 84

8.4 Faulty Parallelism 86

Unit 9．Run-on Sentences 连续句 90

9.1 Legitimate Run-On Sentences 90

9.2 Illegitimate Run-On Sentences 91

9.3 Why Does the Student—Especially the Chinese Student—Make Such Kind of Mistakes? 91

9.4　Revision 96

Unit 10．Loose,Periodic and Balanced Sentences 松散句，紧凑句和平衡句 99

10.1 The General Classification of English Sentences 99

10.2 The Use of the Loose and the Periodic Sentence 101

10.3 The Mixed Loose,Periodic and Balanced Sentences 101

Unit 11．The Long Sentence and The Short Sentences 长、短句 104

11.1 The Distinctive Uses of Long and Short Sentences 104

11.2 A Succession of Short Sentences 106

11.3 The Short Sentence 107

11.4 The Long Sentence 109

11.5 Avoid Excessive and Overlapping Long Sentences 114

Unit 12．Transitions 衔接转换语 123

12.1 What Is a Transition? 123

12.2 Do You Need a Transition? 125

12.3 The Two Kinds of Transitions in General 127

Unit 13．The Sentence Fragment and Rhetorical Questios 不完整句与修辞问句 138

13.1 Sentence Fragment 138

13.2 The Rhetorical Questions（修辞问句） 140

Unit 14．Economy 简洁 142

14.1 A Fundamental Truth 142

14.2 Sentence Embeded in Sentence 142

14.3 Elimination 144

Unit 15．Imagery 意象 148

15.1 How Does Imagery Work? 148

15.2 Why Does Imagery Work? 152

Unit 16．Liveliness 生动 158

16.1 Introduction 158

16.2 Two Types of Description 158

Unit 17．Unity,Coherence,Variety and Emphasis 统一、连贯、变化与强调 163

17.1 Introduction 163

17.2　The Fundamental Requirements of Sentence and Composition Building 163

17.3　General Principles of Arrangement of Sentence Structure 166

Unit 18．Denotation and Connotation 外延与内涵 170

18.1 Two Ways of Using the Language 170

18.2 How to Determine Whether the Language is Denotative or Connotative? 170

18.3 Which Kind of Language Suits Better to Description? 172

Unit 19．Style—Formal and Informal 文体——正式、非正式 176

19.1　Introduction 176

19.2 Why Is It Necessary to Know the Appropriate Use of Vocabulary and Language? 176

19.3 The Stylistic Divisions in General 177

19.4 Avoidance in Academic Written English 177

19.5 Mixed General and Informal 182

19.6 Mixed General and Colloquial(sentence structure,diction and tone) 183

19.7 Inappropriate Mix(formal and colloquial) 184

19.8 Two Broad Categories of English 185

Part Two Summing Up 第二部 在炼意（谋篇）中炼词、炼句 189

Unit 1．Sentence Combining and Rearranging 句子合并与重组 189

Unit 2．Paragraph Writing 段落写作 195

2.1 Paragraph Development by Definition,Induction and Generalization 195

2.2 Paragraph Development by Comparison,Definition,Restatement and Example 196

2.3 Development by Contrast and Restatement 198

2.4 Development by Restatement,Cause and Effect 200

2.5 Development by Comparison and Contrast,Example and Restatement 201

2.6 Development by Example 202

2.7 Development by Various Means—Example,Restatement and Generalization 202

2.8 Development by Listing 203

2.9 Development by Time and Space 204

Unit 3．Precis and Summary Writing 缩写与摘要 208

Unit 4．Report Writing 报导 220

4.1 Informative Reports 220

4.2 Persuasive Reports 224

Unit 5．Paraphrase 释义 225

Unit 6．Review 书评 229

Unit 7．Miscellaneous 其它 240

7.1 A Page of Diary 240

7.2 Introducing a Speaker 240

7.3 Say a few words after the contest for"Ten Star Singers in English Songs" 241

7.4 Why Do You Study English? 241

7.5 Deny!Why! 241

Key To Exercises 练习答案 249

Bibliography 参考书 311