Part One Sentence Structure in Composition 第一部 在炼意中炼句 1
Unit 1．Statement of Thought and the Sentence in Composition 思想表达和句子 1
1.1 Structuring Ideas through the Manipulation of Sentence Structure in Composition 1
1.2 A Fundamental Truth about Prose 2
1）Syntactical Effect 3
2）Contextual Effect 4
Unit 2．Emphatic Positions in Sentence 句子的强调位置 7
2.1 Exploiting the Natural Positions 7
1）The Beginning 7
2）The End 9
2.2 Exploiting the Unnatural Emphatic Positions 13
1）Using Special Sentence Patterns 13
2）Using Mechanical Devices 14
Unit 3．Subordination 从属关系 17
3.1 The Main Statement and the Contributing Ideas 17
3.2 Syntactical Effect 18
1）Adverbial Clause 18
2）Adjective Clause 19
3）Noun Clause 20
3.3 Faulty Subordination 22
Unit 4．Participles 分词 29
4.1 Usage 29
4.2 Positions 31
1）Front,Middle and End Position in General 31
2）Logical Sequence 32
3）Cause and Effect 32
4）Supporting Details 32
4.3 Incorrect Reference 33
Unit 5．Appositives and Noun Cluster 同位语与名词组合结构 38
5.1 What is an Appositive 38
5.2 Usage 39
1）Emphasis 39
2）Variety 40
3）Brevity 43
4）Precision 43
5）Details 44
5.3 Words or Phrases of the Same Syntactic Class 45
5.4 Indicators of Appositives 46
5.5 Noun Cluster 46
Unit 6．Prepositional Phrases 由介词短语构成的从属关系 50
6.1 Usage 50
6.2 Positions 52
Unit 7 Absolutes 独立结构 62
7.1 Definition and Uses of the Nominative Absolute 62
7.2 Positions of Absolute 64
7.3 The Making of the Nominative Absolute 66
7.4 Where Is the Main Clause? 69
Unit 8．Special Coordination 特殊并列结构 75
8.1 The Usage of Special Coordination 75
1）Force and Clarity 75
2）Variety and Brevity 76
3）Harmony and Rhythm 77
4）Climax 77
8.2 Three Kinds of Special Coordination 78
1）Parallelism 78
2）Balance or Antithesis 82
3）Correlation 83
8.3 Analysis of a Paragraph 84
8.4 Faulty Parallelism 86
Unit 9．Run-on Sentences 连续句 90
9.1 Legitimate Run-On Sentences 90
9.2 Illegitimate Run-On Sentences 91
9.3 Why Does the Student—Especially the Chinese Student—Make Such Kind of Mistakes? 91
9.4 Revision 96
Unit 10．Loose,Periodic and Balanced Sentences 松散句，紧凑句和平衡句 99
10.1 The General Classification of English Sentences 99
10.2 The Use of the Loose and the Periodic Sentence 101
10.3 The Mixed Loose,Periodic and Balanced Sentences 101
Unit 11．The Long Sentence and The Short Sentences 长、短句 104
11.1 The Distinctive Uses of Long and Short Sentences 104
11.2 A Succession of Short Sentences 106
11.3 The Short Sentence 107
11.4 The Long Sentence 109
11.5 Avoid Excessive and Overlapping Long Sentences 114
Unit 12．Transitions 衔接转换语 123
12.1 What Is a Transition? 123
12.2 Do You Need a Transition? 125
12.3 The Two Kinds of Transitions in General 127
Unit 13．The Sentence Fragment and Rhetorical Questios 不完整句与修辞问句 138
13.1 Sentence Fragment 138
13.2 The Rhetorical Questions（修辞问句） 140
Unit 14．Economy 简洁 142
14.1 A Fundamental Truth 142
14.2 Sentence Embeded in Sentence 142
14.3 Elimination 144
Unit 15．Imagery 意象 148
15.1 How Does Imagery Work? 148
15.2 Why Does Imagery Work? 152
Unit 16．Liveliness 生动 158
16.1 Introduction 158
16.2 Two Types of Description 158
Unit 17．Unity,Coherence,Variety and Emphasis 统一、连贯、变化与强调 163
17.1 Introduction 163
17.2 The Fundamental Requirements of Sentence and Composition Building 163
17.3 General Principles of Arrangement of Sentence Structure 166
Unit 18．Denotation and Connotation 外延与内涵 170
18.1 Two Ways of Using the Language 170
18.2 How to Determine Whether the Language is Denotative or Connotative? 170
18.3 Which Kind of Language Suits Better to Description? 172
Unit 19．Style—Formal and Informal 文体——正式、非正式 176
19.1 Introduction 176
19.2 Why Is It Necessary to Know the Appropriate Use of Vocabulary and Language? 176
19.3 The Stylistic Divisions in General 177
19.4 Avoidance in Academic Written English 177
19.5 Mixed General and Informal 182
19.6 Mixed General and Colloquial(sentence structure,diction and tone) 183
19.7 Inappropriate Mix(formal and colloquial) 184
19.8 Two Broad Categories of English 185
Part Two Summing Up 第二部 在炼意（谋篇）中炼词、炼句 189
Unit 1．Sentence Combining and Rearranging 句子合并与重组 189
Unit 2．Paragraph Writing 段落写作 195
2.1 Paragraph Development by Definition,Induction and Generalization 195
2.2 Paragraph Development by Comparison,Definition,Restatement and Example 196
2.3 Development by Contrast and Restatement 198
2.4 Development by Restatement,Cause and Effect 200
2.5 Development by Comparison and Contrast,Example and Restatement 201
2.6 Development by Example 202
2.7 Development by Various Means—Example,Restatement and Generalization 202
2.8 Development by Listing 203
2.9 Development by Time and Space 204
Unit 3．Precis and Summary Writing 缩写与摘要 208
Unit 4．Report Writing 报导 220
4.1 Informative Reports 220
4.2 Persuasive Reports 224
Unit 5．Paraphrase 释义 225
Unit 6．Review 书评 229
Unit 7．Miscellaneous 其它 240
7.1 A Page of Diary 240
7.2 Introducing a Speaker 240
7.3 Say a few words after the contest for"Ten Star Singers in English Songs" 241
7.4 Why Do You Study English? 241
7.5 Deny!Why! 241
Key To Exercises 练习答案 249
Bibliography 参考书 311