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CONTENTS 1

1．The Background of the Renaissance 1

The Problem of the Renaissance 1

The Conservative Elements in Medieval Civilization：Feudalism 9

The Conservative Elements in Medieval Civilization：The Church 14

The Dynamic Elements in Medieval Society：Com-merce，Money Economy and the Towns 20

The Rise of Centralized Territorial States 27

The Decline of the Feudal Nobility 32

Decline of the Medieval Church 38

2．The Renaissance in Italy 52

The Economic Evolution of the Italian Cities 52

The Political Evolution of the Italian States 58

The Evolution of Urban Society and Culture in Italy 68

The Growth of Secular Elements in Italian Culture 76

The Literature of the Italian Renaissance：The Four-teenth Century 81

The Literature of the Italian Renaissance：The Fif- 88

teenth and Sixteenth Centuries 88

The Art of the Italian Renaissance 95

3．The Renaissance in the North 112

The Economic Evolution of the North in the Four-teenth and Fifteenth Centuries 112

The Age of Discovery and the Changing Fortunes of the European States 119

The Evolution of Northern Society and Culture 127

The Growth of Secular Culture and Lay Piety in the North 134

Humanism in the North 139

The Vernacular Literatures in the North 148

The Art of the Northern Renaissance 154

Conclusion 158