C++ Primer 第4版 评注版 英文PDF电子书下载

Chapter 1 Getting Started（新增评注29条） 1

1.1 Writing a Simple C++ Program 2

1.1.1 Compiling and Executing Our Program 3

1.2 A First Look at Input/Output 5

1.2.1 Standard Input and Output Objects 5

1.2.2 A Program that Uses the IO Library 5

1.3 A Word About Comments 8

1.4 Control Structures 10

1.4.1 The while Statement 10

1.4.2 The for Statement 12

1.4.3 The if Statement 14

1.4.4 Reading an Unknown Number of Inputs 15

1.5 Introducing Classes 17

1.5.1 The Sales_item Class 17

1.5.2 A First Look at Member Functions 20

1.6 The C++ Program 21

Part Ⅰ The Basics 23

Chapter 2 Variables and Basic Types（新增评注42条） 25

2.1 Primitive Built-in Types 26

2.1.1 Integral Types 26

2.1.2 Floating-Point Types 28

2.2 Literal Constants 29

2.3 Variables 33

2.3.1 What Is a Variable? 34

2.3.2 The Name of a Variable 36

2.3.3 Defining Objects 37

2.3.4 Variable Initialization Rules 39

2.3.5 Declarations and Definitions 41

2.3.6 Scope of a Name 42

2.3.7 Define Variables Where They Are Used 43

2.4 const Qualifier 44

2.5 References 46

2.6 Typedef Names 48

2.7 Enumerations 48

2.8 Class Types 49

2.9 Writing Our Own Header Files 52

2.9.1 Designing Our Own Headers 53

2.9.2 A Brief Introduction to the Preprocessor 55

Chapter 3 Library Types（新增评注30条） 59

3.1 Namespace using Declarations 60

3.2 Library string Type 62

3.2.1 Defining and Initializing strings 62

3.2.2 Reading and Writing strings 62

3.2.3 Operations on strings 64

3.2.4 Dealing with the Characters of a string 68

3.3 Library vector Type 70

3.3.1 Defining and Initializing vectors 70

3.3.2 Operations on vectors 72

3.4 Introducing Iterators 74

3.4.1 Iterator Arithmetic 78

3.5 Library bitset Type 79

3.5.1 Defining and Initializing bitsets 79

3.5.2 Operations on bitsets 81

Chapter 4 Arrays and Pointers（新增评注33条） 85

4.1 Arrays 86

4.1.1 Defining and Initializing Arrays 86

4.1.2 Operations on Arrays 89

4.2 Introducing Pointers 89

4.2.1 What Is a Pointer? 90

4.2.2 Defining and Initializing Pointers 91

4.2.3 Operations on Pointers 94

4.2.4 Using Pointers to Access Array Elements 96

4.2.5 Pointers and the const Qualifier 99

4.3 C-Style Character Strings 102

4.3.1 Dynamically Allocating Arrays 106

4.3.2 Interfacing to Older Code 110

4.4 Multidimensioned Arrays 111

4.4.1 Pointers and Multidimensioned Arrays 113

Chapter 5 Expressions（新增评注49条） 115

5.1 Arithmetic Operators 117

5.2 Relational and Logical Operators 119

5.3 The Bitwise Operators 121

5.3.1 Using bitset Objects or Integral Values 123

5.3.2 Using the Shift Operators for IO 124

5.4 Assignment Operators 125

5.4.1 Assignment Is Right Associative 125

5.4.2 Assignment Has Low Precedence 126

5.4.3 Compound Assignment Operators 127

5.5 Increment and Decrement Operators 127

5.6 The Arrow Operator 129

5.7 The Conditional Operator 130

5.8 The sizeof Operator 131

5.9 Comma Operator 132

5.10 Evaluating Compound Expressions 132

5.10.1 Precedence 132

5.10.2 Associativity 133

5.10.3 Order of Evaluation 135

5.11 The new and delete Expressions 137

5.12 Type Conversions 140

5.12.1 When Implicit Type Conversions Occur 141

5.12.2 The Arithmetic Conversions 142

5.12.3 Other Implicit Conversions 143

5.12.4 Explicit Conversions 145

5.12.5 When Casts Might Be Useful 145

5.12.6 Named Casts 145

5.12.7 Old-Style Casts 147

Chapter 6 Statements（新增评注29条） 149

6.1 Simple Statements 150

6.2 Declaration Statements 151

6.3 Compound Statements（Blocks） 151

6.4 Statement Scope 152

6.5 The if Statement 153

6.5.1 The if Statement else Branch 154

6.6 The switch Statement 156

6.6.1 Using a switch 156

6.6.2 Control Flow within a switch 157

6.6.3 The default Label 158

6.6.4 switch Expression and Case Labels 159

6.6.5 Variable Definitions inside a switch 159

6.7 The while Statement 160

6.8 The for Loop Statement 162

6.8.1 Omitting Parts of the for Header 163

6.8.2 Multiple Definitions in the forHeader 164

6.9 The do while Statement 165

6.10 The break Statement 166

6.11 The continue Statement 167

6.12 The goto Statement 168

6 13 try Blocks and Exception Handling 169

6.13.1 A throw Expression 169

6.13.2 The try Block 170

6.13.3 Standard Exceptions 172

6.14 Using the Preprocessorfor Debugging 173

Chapter 7 Functions（新增评注56条） 175

7.1 Defining a Function 176

7.1.1 Function Return Type 177

7.1.2 Function Parameter List 178

7.2 Argument Passing 179

7.2.1 Nonreference Parameters 179

7.2.2 Reference Parameters 181

7.2.3 vector and Other Container Parameters 185

7.2.4 Array Parameters 186

7.2.5 Managing Arrays Passed to Functions 188

7.2.6 main:Handling Command-Line Options 190

7.2.7 Functions with Varying Parameters 191

7.3 The return Statement 191

7.3.1 Functions with No Return Value 191

7.3.2 Functions that Return a Value 192

7.3.3 Recursion 195

7.4 Function Declarations 196

7.4.1 Default Arguments 197

7.5 Local Objects 199

7.5.1 Automatic Objects 199

7.5.2 Static Local Objects 200

7.6 Inline Functions 200

7.7 Class Member Functions 202

7.7.1 Defining the Body of a Member Function 203

7.7.2 Defining a Member Function Outside the Class 204

7.7.3 Writing the Sales item Constructor 205

7.7.4 Organizing Class Code Files 207

7.8 Overloaded Functions 208

7.8.1 Overloading and Scope 210

7.8.2 Function Matching and Argument Conversions 211

7.8.3 The Three Steps in Overload Resolution 212

7.8.4 Argument-Type Conversions 214

7.9 Pointers to Functions 217

Chapter 8 The IO Library（新增评注11条） 221

8.1 An Object-Oriented Library 222

8.2 Condition States 224

8.3 Managing the Output Buffer 227

8 4 File Input and Output 229

8.4.1 Using File Stream Objects 229

8.4.2 File Modes 232

8.4.3 A Program to Open and Check Input Files 234

8.5 String Streams 234

Part Ⅱ Containers and Algorithms 237

Chapter 9 Sequential Containers（新增评注54条） 239

9.1 Defining a Sequential Container 240

9.1.1 Initializing Container Elements 241

9.1.2 Constraints on Types that a Container Can Hold 243

9.2 Iterators and Iterator Ranges 244

9.2.1 Iterator Ranges 246

9.2.2 Some Container Operations Invalidate Iterators 247

9.3 Sequence Container Operations 248

9.3.1 Container Typedefs 248

9.3.2 begin and end Members 249

9.3.3 Adding Elements to a Sequential Container 249

9.3.4 Relational Operators 252

9.3.5 Container Size Operations 254

9.3.6 Accessing Elements 255

9.3.7 Erasing Elements 256

9.3.8 Assignment and swap 258

9.4 How a vector Grows 259

9.4.1 capacity and reserve Members 260

9.5 Deciding Which Container to Use 262

9.6 strings Revisited 264

9.6.1 Other Ways to Construct strings 266

9.6.2 Other Ways to Change a string 267

9.6.3 string-Only Operations 268

9.6.4 string Search Operations 270

9.6.5 Comparing strings 272

9.7 Container Adaptors 274

9.7.1 Stack Adaptor 275

9.7.2 Queue and Priority Queue 276

Chapter 10 Associative Containers（新增评注22条） 279

10.1 Preliminaries:the pair Type 280

10.2 Associative Containers 282

10.3 The map Type 283

10.3.1 Defining a map 283

10.3.2 Types Defined by map 284

10.3.3 Adding Elements to a map 285

10.3.4 Subscripting a map 285

10.3.5 Using map::insert 287

10.3.6 Finding and Retrieving a map Element 289

10.3.7 Erasing Elements from a map 290

10.3.8 Iterating across a map 290

10.3.9 A Word Transformation Map 291

10.4 The set Type 293

10.4.1 Defining and Using sets 293

10.4.2 Building a Word-Exclusion Set 295

10.5 The multimap and multiset Types 296

10.5.1 Adding and Removing Elements 296

10.5.2 Finding Elements in a multimap or multiset 296

10.6 Using Containers:Text-Query Program 299

10.6.1 Design of the Query Program 300

10.6.2 TextQuery Class 301

10.6.3 Using the TextQuery Class 302

10.6.4 Writing the Member Functions 304

Chapter 11 Generic Algorithms（新增评注18条） 307

11.1 Overview 308

11.2 A First Look at the Algorithms 311

11.2.1 Read-Only Algorithms 311

11.2.2 Algorithms that Write Container Elements 313

11.2.3 Algorithms that Reorder Container Elements 315

11.3 Revisiting Iterators 319

11.3.1 Insert Iterators 319

11.3.2 iostream Iterators 320

11.3.3 Reverse Iterators 324

11.3.4 const Iterators 327

11.3.5 The Five Iterator Categories 327

11.4 Structure of Generic Algorithms 330

11.4.1 Algorithm Parameter Patterns 330

11.4.2 Algorithm Naming Conventions 331

11.5 Container-Specific Algorithms 332

Part Ⅲ Classes and Data Abstraction 335

Chapter 12 Classes（新增评注26条） 337

12.1 Class Definitions and Declarations 338

12.1.1 Class Definitions:A Recap 338

12.1.2 Data Abstraction and Encapsulation 339

12.1.3 More on Class Definitions 341

12.1.4 Class Declarations versus Definitions 344

12.1.5 Class Objects 345

12.2 The Implicit this Pointer 346

12.3 Class Scope 349

12.3.1 Name Lookup in Class Scope 351

12.4 Constructors 355

12.4.1 The Constructor Initializer 357

12.4.2 Default Arguments and Constructors 360

12.4.3 The Default Constructor 361

12.4.4 Implicit Class-Type Conversions 363

12.4.5 Explicit Initialization of Class Members 365

12.5 Friends 366

12.6 static Class Members 368

12.6.1 static Member Functions 369

12.6.2 static Data Members 370

Chapter 13 Copy Control（新增评注30条） 373

13.1 The Copy Constructor 374

13.1.1 The Synthesized Copy Constructor 377

13.1.2 Defining Our Own Copy Constructor 377

13.1.3 Preventing Copies 378

13.2 The Assignment Operator 379

13.3 The Destructor 380

13.4 A Message-Handling Example 382

13.5 Managing Pointer Members 387

13.5.1 Defining Smart Pointer Classes 389

13.5.2 Defining Valuelike Classes 393

Chapter 14 Overloaded Operations and Conversions（新增评注31条） 395

14.1 Defining an Overloaded Operator 396

14.1.1 Overloaded Operator Design 399

14.2 Input and Output Operators 402

14.2.1 Overloading the Output Operator<< 402

14.2.2 Overloading the Input Operator>> 404

14.3 Arithmetic and Relational Operators 405

14.3.1 Equality Operators 406

14.3.2 Relational Operators 407

14.4 Assignment Operators 408

14.5 Subscript Operator 409

14.6 Member Access Operators 410

14.7 Increment and Decrement Operators 413

14.8 Call Operator and Function Objects 416

14.8.1 Using Function Objects with Library Algorithms 417

14.8.2 Library-Defined Function Objects 418

14.8.3 Function Adaptors for Function Objects 419

14.9 Conversions and Class Types 420

14.9.1 Why Conversions Are Useful 421

14.9.2 Conversion Operators 421

14.9.3 Argument Matching and Conversions 424

14.9.4 Overload Resolution and Class Arguments 427

14.9.5 Overloading,Conversions,and Operators 430

Part Ⅳ Object-Oriented and Generic Programming 435

Chapter 15 Object-Oriented Programming（新增评注56条） 437

15.1 OOP:An Overview 438

15.2 Defining Base and Derived Classes 439

15.2.1 Defining a Base Class 440

15.2.2 protected Members 441

15.2.3 Derived Classes 442

15.2.4 virtual and Other Member Functions 445

15.2.5 Public,Private,and Protected Inheritance 448

15.2.6 Friendship and Inheritance 452

15.2.7 Inheritance and Static Members 452

15.3 Conversions and Inheritance 453

15.3.1 Derived-to-Base Conversions 453

15.3.2 Conversions from Base to Derived 455

15.4 Constructors and Copy Control 456

15.4.1 Base-Class Constructors and Copy Control 456

15.4.2 Derived-Class Constructors 456

15.4.3 Copy Control and Inheritance 459

15.4.4 Virtual Destructors 462

15.4.5 Virtuals in Constructors and Destructors 463

15.5 Class Scope under Inheritance 464

15.5.1 Name Lookup Happens at CompileTime 464

15.5.2 Name Collisions and Inheritance 465

15.5.3 Scope and Member Functions 466

15.5.4 Virtual Functions and Scope 467

15.6 Pure Virtual Functions 468

15.7 Containers and Inheritance 469

15.8 Handle Classes and Inheritance 470

15.8.1 A Pointerlike Handle 471

15.8.2 Cloning an Unknown Type 473

15.8.3 Using the Handle 475

15.9 Text Queries Revisited 478

15.9.1 An Object-Oriented Solution 479

15.9.2 A Valuelike Handle 480

15.9.3 The Query_base Class 482

15.9.4 The Query Handle Class 483

15.9.5 The Derived Classes 485

15.9.6 The eval Functions 487

Chapter 16 Templates and Generic Programming（新增评注31条） 491

16.1 Template Definitions 492

16.1.1 Defining a Function Template 492

16.1.2 Defining a Class Template 494

16.1.3 Template Parameters 495

16.1.4 Template Type Parameters 497

16.1.5 Nontype Template Parameters 499

16.1.6 Writing Generic Programs 500

16.2 Instantiation 501

16.2.1 Template Argument Deduction 503

16.2.2 Function-Template Explicit Arguments 506

16.3 Template Compilation Models 508

16.4 Class Template Members 511

16.4.1 Class-Template Member Functions 513

16.4.2 Template Arguments for Nontype Parameters 517

16.4.3 Friend Declarations in Class Templates 517

16.4.4 Queue and Queue Item Friend Declarations 520

16.4.5 Member Templates 522

16.4.6 The Complete Queue Class 524

16.4.7 static Members of Class Templates 525

16.5 A Generic Handle Class 526

16.5.1 Defining the Handle Class 527

16.5.2 Using the Handle 528

16.6 Template Specializations 530

16.6.1 Specializing a Function Template 531

16.6.2 Specializing a Class Template 533

16.6.3 Specializing Members but Not the Class 535

16.6.4 Class-Template Partial Specializations 536

16.7 Overloading and Function Templates 537

Part Ⅴ Advanced Topics 541

Chapter 17 Tools for Large Programs（新增评注37条） 543

17.1 Exception Handling 544

17.1.1 Throwing an Exception of Class Type 545

17.1.2 Stack Unwinding 546

17.1.3 Catching an Exception 548

17.1.4 Rethrow 549

17.1.5 The Catch-All Handler 550

17.1.6 Function Try Blocks and Constructors 550

17.1.7 Exception Class Hierarchies 551

17.1.8 Automatic Resource Deallocation 553

17.1.9 The auto_ptr Class 555

17.1.10 Exception Specifications 559

17.1.11 Function Pointer Exception Specifications 562

17.2 Namespaces 563

17.2.1 Namespace Definitions 563

17.2.2 Nested Namespaces 567

17.2.3 Unnamed Namespaces 568

17.2.4 Using Namespace Members 569

17.2.5 Classes,Namespaces,and Scope 573

17.2.6 Overloading and Namespaces 575

17.2.7 Namespaces and Templates 578

17.3 Multiple and Virtual Inheritance 578

17.3.1 Multiple Inheritance 578

17.3.2 Conversions and Multiple Base Classes 581

17.3.3 Copy Control for Multiply Derived Classes 583

17.3.4 Class Scope under Multiple Inheritance 583

17.3.5 Virtual Inheritance 586

17.3.6 Virtual Base Class Declaration 587

17.3.7 Special Initialization Semantics 589

Chapter 18 Specialized Tools and Techniques（新增评注22条） 593

18.1 Optimizing Memory Allocation 594

18.1.1 Memory Allocation in C++ 594

18.1.2 The allocator Class 595

18.1.3 operator new and operator delete Functions 598

18.1.4 Placement new Expressions 600

18.1.5 Explicit Destructor Invocation 601

18.1.6 Class Specific new and delete 601

18.1.7 A Memory-Allocator Base Class 603

18.2 Run-Time Type Identification 608

18.2.1 The dynamic_cast Operator 609

18.2.2 The typeid Operator 611

18.2.3 Using RTTI 612

18.2.4 The type_info Class 614

18.3 Pointer to Class Member 615

18.3.1 Declaring a Pointer to Member 615

18.3.2 Using a Pointer to Class Member 617

18.4 Nested Classes 620

18.4.1 A Nested-Class Implementation 620

18.4.2 Name Lookup in Nested Class Scope 623

18.5 Union:A Space-Saving Class 625

18.6 Local Classes 627

18.7 Inherently Nonportable Features 629

18.7.1 Bit-fields 629

18.7.2 volatile Qualifier 630

18.7.3 Linkage Directives:extern"C" 632

Appendix A The Library 635

A.1 Library Names and Headers 636

A.2 A Brief Tour of the Algorithms 637

A.2.1 Algorithms to Find an Object 637

A.2.2 Other Read-Only Algorithms 638

A.2.3 Binary-Search Algorithms 639

A.2.4 Algorithms that Write Container Elements 639

A.2.5 Partitioning and Sorting Algorithms 641

A.2.6 General Reordering Operations 643

A.2.7 Permutation Algorithms 644

A.2.8 Set Algorithms for Sorted Sequences 645

A.2.9 Minimum and Maximum Values 646

A.2.10 Numeric Algorithms 646

A.3 The IO Library Revisited 648

A.3.1 Format State 648

A.3.2 Many Manipulators Change the Format State 648

A.3.3 Controlling Output Formats 649

A.3.4 Controlling Input Formatting 654

A.3.5 Unformatted Input/Output Operations 655

A.3.6 Single-Byte Operations 655

A.3.7 Multi-Byte Operations 656

A.3.8 Random Access to a Stream 658

A.3.9 Reading and Writing to the Same File 660