管理创新PDF电子书下载

Contents 1

1． Creativity in management 1

Nature of creative thinking 1

The importance of creativity in management 2

Creative problem solving 4

The background of creative problem solving 4

Overview of the creative Problem－solving process 5

An IDEAL model for problem solving 8

二ow creative thinking may be used in management 10

Problem identification and defintion 12

Idea generation methods 13

Evaluating ideas 15

Implementing ideas 16

Computer assisted Creativity aids 16

References 17

2． Coping with blocks to creative problem solving 20

Information processing and problerm solving 21

Mind－set 23

Other barriers to creative problem solving 26

Blocks in an organizational setting 28

A climate for creativity and innovation 31

References 35

3． Theories of creativity 37

What is creative thinking？ 37

What are ideas？ 39

Theories of creativity 40

The cognitive theory of creativity 44

The brain as a human information processing system 47

How knowledge is stored in memory 48

SCRIPTS，DELTACTS and MOPS 50

How we get ideas：the index metaphor 51

References 54

4．Identifying the problem 56

Problem definition and redefinition 58

Methods of problem definition or redefinition 58

Redefinitional techniques 59

Analytical techniques 67

References 75

5．Morphological analysis and related techniques 76

Listing 76

Checklists 78

Cliches，proverbs and maxims 79

Attribute listing 81

Morphological analysis 82

SCIMITAR 85

Heuristic ideation technique 85

Component detailing 87

The Allen morphologizer 91

Sequence－attribute modification matrix 93

References 96

6．Brainstorming and its variants 97

Classical brainstorming 98

Main types of problem that can be tackled 100

composition of a brainstorming group 101

Conducting a brainstorming session 101

The process of brainstorming 102

Brainwriting game 106

Gordon-Little variation 107

Story boards 108

Trigger method 111

Refernces 111

7． Lateral thinking 112

vertical versus lateral thinking 112

Dim1ensions of latCral thinking 113

Analogies 124

References 126

8．Synectics and related approaches 127

Metaphors 127

Synectics 128

Nature of the psychological states 129

Membership of a synectics group 130

Features of synectics 132

Operational mechanisms 133

Synectics process 136

When to use synectics，and its limitations 143

References 143

9．Miscellaneous idea－generating methods 144

Visual metaphor 144

Mind-mapping 147

Value analysis 147

Force field analysis 148

Symbolic representations 149

Attribute analogy chains 151

Bionics 152

Free association 153

Story writing 154

Crawford sliP writing 156

Lotus blossom 157

Fishbone diagram 159

Scenario writing 160

Scenario day－dreaming 161

Cross－impact analysis 164

References 165

10．Evaluating ideas 166

Collating and sorting ideas 166

Evaluating ideas 168

Culling，rating and scoring screens 169

The Castle technique 170

Decision balance sheet 171

Creative evaluation 171

Disjointed incrementalism 173

Goalstorming 173

Highlighting 174

Reverse brainstorming 175

Sticking dots 176

Weighting systems 177

Multifactor matrix 177

Choosing an evaluation method 181

References 181

11．Implementing ideas 183

Blocks to getting ideas adopted 183

Putting ideas into practice 186

Reducing resistance to change 188

Coping with criticism 189

Consensus mapping 189

Potential problem analysis 191

Research planning diagrams 194

PERT techniques 196

Post implementation 199

References 199

12．Computer assisted creatlvity 201

Role of computers in creativity 202

Computer assisted idea generation for individuals 203

Restructuring thoughts 207

Group creative problem－solving aids 211

Evaluation of the alternatives 214

Implementation of ideas 214

Conclusion 215

References 216

Further reading 218

Index 219