经济学 英文第2版PDF电子书下载

1 The essence of the economy: an overview 1

Business and the economy 1

Introducing the macroeconomic environment of business 2

The economic problem 6

Government and the economy 9

Government economic objectives 12

Economic targets and instruments 13

The structure of this book 13

2 Developments in the international economy 15

International economic performance: an historical perspective 15

Drivers of global economic performance 19

International economic performance in the 1990s 24

Future challenges for the global economy 29

Concluding remarks 32

3 Understanding economic flows 33

The essence of economic flows 33

The measurement of economic activity 35

Problems in calculating economic activity 38

Compilation and uses of national income accounts 41

A model of national income determination 43

Concluding remarks 49

Keynesians versus monetarists: an overview 50

4 National income determination 50

The essence of national income determination 50

The components of aggregate demand 52

Consumer spending and savings 53

Investment expenditure 56

Government expenditure 57

Export and import expenditure 58

Deflationary and inflationary gaps 59

Measuring the impact of changes in aggregate demand: the multiplier 64

The importance of the national income multiplier 67

The accelerator principle 68

The business cycle 70

Concluding remarks 72

5 Management of the economy I: Fiscal policy 74

The essence of fiscal policy 74

Problems with fine-tuning aggregate demand 76

Public finance 78

Government borrowing 86

Criticisms of fiscal policy and deficit financing 89

Concluding remarks 91

The essence of monetary policy 93

6 Management of the economy II: Monetary policy 93

Principles of monetarism 94

Measuring the money supply 97

Targeting the money supply 105

Criticisms of monetarism 109

The effects of monetary policy on business 115

Concluding remarks 117

7 Supply-side economics 119

The essence of supply--side economics 119

The principles of supply-side economics 120

Supply-side economics in practice 125

Notes 136

Concluding remarks 136

8 International trade 137

The essence of international trade 137

The principle of comparative advantage-an argument for free trade 139

Further arguments for free trade 142

Protectionism in international trade 143

The balance of payments 149

Management of current account imbalances 153

Concluding remarks 155

The essence of exchange rate policy 157

9 Exchange rate policy 157

Exchange rate systems 158

Exchange rate systems compared 165

The determination of exchange rates 169

Exchange rates and the balance of payments 172

Exchange rates and business 174

Concluding remarks 176

Note 177

10 Case studies 178

1 Determination of economic activity 178

2 The relationship between inflation and unemployment 179

3 Prospects for European Economic and Monetary Union 184

4 The international debt crisis 187

5 Analysis of the US twin deficits 190

6 Linkages between money, output, prices and interest rates 194

7 Outlook for the economy 196

Appendix: Sources of economic data for managers 204

UK sources 204

International sources 206

Further reading 208

Index 211