英文写作与修辞PDF电子书下载

Introduction 1

Table of Contents 1

Exercises 5

Chapter 1 The Paragraph 9

Fundamental Functions of the Paragraph 9

Unity and Controlling Idea 11

The Topic Sentence 13

Paragraph Development 16

Coherence 18

A．Coherene Thrcugh Logical Arrangement 20

B．Coherenee Through Cohesive Devices 21

Transition 23

A．Opening Paragraphs 27

Three Special Paragraphs 27

B．Closing Paragraphs 32

C．Dialogue Paragraphs 35

Exercises 36

Chapter 2 Narration 43

What Is Narration 43

Model Essay 44

Langston Hughes：Saved from Sin 44

How to Write a Narrative 48

A．Decide upon a Theme 48

B．Organize the Narrative in Temporal Order 50

C．Build Conflict in the Plot 52

D．Focus on the Character 53

E．Select and Pace the Details 54

F．Use Consistent Point of View 55

Exercises 57

Further Readings 61

E．R．Braithwaite：The Interview 61

Nikos Kazantzakis：A Night in a Galabrian Village 66

Chapter 3 Description 70

What Is Description 70

Model Essay 71

George Orwell：A Hanging 71

How to Write a Description 78

A．Establish a Dominant Impression 78

B．Arrange the Description in Spatial Order 80

C．Point ofView 81

D．Four Sub-types of Description 83

1．Describing a person 83

2．Describing a place 85

3．Describing a scene 86

4．Describing an object 87

E．Use speclfic and viyie language 87

Exercises 88

Further Readings 94

Henry David Thoreau：The Battle 94

Deems Taylor：The Monster 99

Chapter 4 Exposition：Illustration 106

What Is lllustration 106

Joanna Mermey：A Victim of the Consumer Crusaders 107

Model Essay 107

How to Write an Illustration 111

A．Select Good Examples 111

B．Types ofExamples 113

C．Order Examples 114

D．BalancetheGeneralwiththeSpecific 115

Exercises 117

Further Readings 121

Marya Mannes：Packaged Deception 121

Eugene Raskin：Walls and Barriers 124

J．B．Priestley：Two Personal Essays 126

What Is Division and Classification 130

Chapter 5 Exposition：Divisition and Classification 130

Bertrand Russell：What IHave Lived For 131

Model Essay 131

How to Write a Division/Classification 133

A．Overall Structure ofthe Model Essay 133

B．The Introductory Paragraph 133

C．Provocation and Response 135

D．Overall Plan and Variation 136

E．RulesofDivisionandClassification 137

Exercises 139

Further Readings 142

C．L．Wrenn：The Characteristics of English 142

Aaron Copland：Different Types ofComposers 146

Chapter 6 Exposition：Comparison and Contrast 150

What is Comparison and Contrast 150

Model Essay 151

Bruce Catton：Grant and Lee：A Study in Contrasts 151

How to Write a Comparison/Contrast 158

A．Overall Structure ofthe Model Essay 158

B．Subject-by-Subject and Point-by-Point Comparisons 159

C．Selection of Material and Thesis Statement 160

D．Balance and Emphasis 162

E．Transitions 164

Analogy 165

Exercises 166

Further Readings 171

David Skwire：Sentence Fragment and Speeding 171

Brander Mathews：Franklin andEmerson 173

What Is Causal Analysis 180

Chapter 7 Exposition：Ca？sal Analysis 180

Model Essay 181

RobertJastrow：Man of Wisdom 181

How to Write a Causal Analysis 188

A．Overall Structure ofthe Model Essay 188

B．Distinguish Necessary，Sufficient and Contributory Causes 189

C．Consider Both Immediate and Remote Causes 191

D．Patterns of Causal Analysis 192

E．Avoid Post Hoc Fallacy 195

F．Avoid Circular Reasoning 195

G．Explain Cause and Effect Explicitly 196

Exercises 197

Edwin Newman：Language on the Skids 200

Further Readings 200

John Brooks：The Telephone 205

Chapter 8 Exposition：Definition 208

What Is Definition 208

Model Essay 208

Desmond Morris：Barrier Signals 208

How to Write a Definition 215

A．Overall Structure of the Model Essay 215

B．Formal Definition 216

C．Personal Definition 218

1．Definition by origin 219

D．Extended Definition 219

2．Definition by example 221

3．Definition by comparison 221

4．Definition by contrast 222

5．Definition by description 223

6．Definition by classification 223

Exercises 225

Further Readings 229

Ellen Goodman：The Workaholic 229

Mark Van Doren：What Is a Poet？ 232

What Is Process Analysis 241

Chapter 12 Tone and Style 241

Chapter 9 Exposition：Process Analysis 241

Model Essay 242

Matthew Kay：How to Kill aBull at a Fiesta 242

How to Write a Process Analysis 245

A．Overall Structure of the Model Essay 245

B．Collect Adequate and Accurate Information 246

C．Begin with a Clear Thesis Statement 247

D．Deal with the Process 247

1．Chronological order and spatial order 247

2．Divide a continuous process appropriately 248

3．Group minor actions into major ones 249

4．Order simultaneous actions 250

5．Handle properly comments，explanations，etc． 251

E．Make Each Individual Step Clear，Complete，without Repetition 251

F．Use the Flow Diagram 252

Exercises 253

Further Readings 255

How to Enlarge a Photograph 255

S．I．Hayakawa：How Dictionaries Are Made 258

I Remember，Granner 261

Chapter 10 Diction 264

Abstract and Concrete Words 265

General and Specific Words 265

Denotation and Connotation 267

Synonyms 270

Euphemisms 271

Exercises 1—5 273

Slang 275

Jargon 276

Cliches 277

Exercise 6 280

Figures of speech 282

A．Simile 282

B．Metaphor 283

C．Personification 284

D．Metonymy 285

E．Hyperbole 286

F．Litotes 286

G．Transferred Epithet 287

H．Onomatopoeia 288

I．Irony 288

Exercise 7 289

Active Voice or Passive Voice？ 291

Chapter 11 The Rhetoric of Sentences 291

Parallelism 293

Exercises 8，9 296

Dangling and Misplaced Modifiers 298

A．Dangling Modifiers 298

B．Misplaced Modifiers 301

Exercise 10 302

Sentence Clarity 304

A．Lack of Necessary Details 304

B．Choppy Sentences 305

C．Confusing Shifts 306

D．Confusing Pronoun Reference 308

Exercises 11，12 313

Sentence Conciseness 315

Exercise 13 319

A．Positions of Words 321

Sentence Emphasis 321

B．Periodic and Loose Sentences 322

C．Balanced Sentences 323

D．Repetition 324

E．Other Means of Emphasis 326

Exercises 14，15 326

The Expletives 327

Stringy Sentences 328

Exercises 16，17 329

Sentence Variety 330

A．Vary Sentence Beginnings 330

B．Vary Sentence Patterns and Kinds of Sentences 333

C．Vary Sentence Length 333

Exercises 18，19 334

Sentence Combining 334

Exercises 20，21 338

Tone 341

Style 343

Exercise 22 347

Appendix 352

Glossary of Usage 352

Punctuation 390

Index 406