Introduction 1
Table of Contents 1
Exercises 5
Chapter 1 The Paragraph 9
Fundamental Functions of the Paragraph 9
Unity and Controlling Idea 11
The Topic Sentence 13
Paragraph Development 16
Coherence 18
A．Coherene Thrcugh Logical Arrangement 20
B．Coherenee Through Cohesive Devices 21
Transition 23
A．Opening Paragraphs 27
Three Special Paragraphs 27
B．Closing Paragraphs 32
C．Dialogue Paragraphs 35
Exercises 36
Chapter 2 Narration 43
What Is Narration 43
Model Essay 44
Langston Hughes：Saved from Sin 44
How to Write a Narrative 48
A．Decide upon a Theme 48
B．Organize the Narrative in Temporal Order 50
C．Build Conflict in the Plot 52
D．Focus on the Character 53
E．Select and Pace the Details 54
F．Use Consistent Point of View 55
Exercises 57
Further Readings 61
E．R．Braithwaite：The Interview 61
Nikos Kazantzakis：A Night in a Galabrian Village 66
Chapter 3 Description 70
What Is Description 70
Model Essay 71
George Orwell：A Hanging 71
How to Write a Description 78
A．Establish a Dominant Impression 78
B．Arrange the Description in Spatial Order 80
C．Point ofView 81
D．Four Sub-types of Description 83
1．Describing a person 83
2．Describing a place 85
3．Describing a scene 86
4．Describing an object 87
E．Use speclfic and viyie language 87
Exercises 88
Further Readings 94
Henry David Thoreau：The Battle 94
Deems Taylor：The Monster 99
Chapter 4 Exposition：Illustration 106
What Is lllustration 106
Joanna Mermey：A Victim of the Consumer Crusaders 107
Model Essay 107
How to Write an Illustration 111
A．Select Good Examples 111
B．Types ofExamples 113
C．Order Examples 114
D．BalancetheGeneralwiththeSpecific 115
Exercises 117
Further Readings 121
Marya Mannes：Packaged Deception 121
Eugene Raskin：Walls and Barriers 124
J．B．Priestley：Two Personal Essays 126
What Is Division and Classification 130
Chapter 5 Exposition：Divisition and Classification 130
Bertrand Russell：What IHave Lived For 131
Model Essay 131
How to Write a Division/Classification 133
A．Overall Structure ofthe Model Essay 133
B．The Introductory Paragraph 133
C．Provocation and Response 135
D．Overall Plan and Variation 136
E．RulesofDivisionandClassification 137
Exercises 139
Further Readings 142
C．L．Wrenn：The Characteristics of English 142
Aaron Copland：Different Types ofComposers 146
Chapter 6 Exposition：Comparison and Contrast 150
What is Comparison and Contrast 150
Model Essay 151
Bruce Catton：Grant and Lee：A Study in Contrasts 151
How to Write a Comparison/Contrast 158
A．Overall Structure ofthe Model Essay 158
B．Subject-by-Subject and Point-by-Point Comparisons 159
C．Selection of Material and Thesis Statement 160
D．Balance and Emphasis 162
E．Transitions 164
Analogy 165
Exercises 166
Further Readings 171
David Skwire：Sentence Fragment and Speeding 171
Brander Mathews：Franklin andEmerson 173
What Is Causal Analysis 180
Chapter 7 Exposition：Ca？sal Analysis 180
Model Essay 181
RobertJastrow：Man of Wisdom 181
How to Write a Causal Analysis 188
A．Overall Structure ofthe Model Essay 188
B．Distinguish Necessary，Sufficient and Contributory Causes 189
C．Consider Both Immediate and Remote Causes 191
D．Patterns of Causal Analysis 192
E．Avoid Post Hoc Fallacy 195
F．Avoid Circular Reasoning 195
G．Explain Cause and Effect Explicitly 196
Exercises 197
Edwin Newman：Language on the Skids 200
Further Readings 200
John Brooks：The Telephone 205
Chapter 8 Exposition：Definition 208
What Is Definition 208
Model Essay 208
Desmond Morris：Barrier Signals 208
How to Write a Definition 215
A．Overall Structure of the Model Essay 215
B．Formal Definition 216
C．Personal Definition 218
1．Definition by origin 219
D．Extended Definition 219
2．Definition by example 221
3．Definition by comparison 221
4．Definition by contrast 222
5．Definition by description 223
6．Definition by classification 223
Exercises 225
Further Readings 229
Ellen Goodman：The Workaholic 229
Mark Van Doren：What Is a Poet？ 232
What Is Process Analysis 241
Chapter 12 Tone and Style 241
Chapter 9 Exposition：Process Analysis 241
Model Essay 242
Matthew Kay：How to Kill aBull at a Fiesta 242
How to Write a Process Analysis 245
A．Overall Structure of the Model Essay 245
B．Collect Adequate and Accurate Information 246
C．Begin with a Clear Thesis Statement 247
D．Deal with the Process 247
1．Chronological order and spatial order 247
2．Divide a continuous process appropriately 248
3．Group minor actions into major ones 249
4．Order simultaneous actions 250
5．Handle properly comments，explanations，etc． 251
E．Make Each Individual Step Clear，Complete，without Repetition 251
F．Use the Flow Diagram 252
Exercises 253
Further Readings 255
How to Enlarge a Photograph 255
S．I．Hayakawa：How Dictionaries Are Made 258
I Remember，Granner 261
Chapter 10 Diction 264
Abstract and Concrete Words 265
General and Specific Words 265
Denotation and Connotation 267
Synonyms 270
Euphemisms 271
Exercises 1—5 273
Slang 275
Jargon 276
Cliches 277
Exercise 6 280
Figures of speech 282
A．Simile 282
B．Metaphor 283
C．Personification 284
D．Metonymy 285
E．Hyperbole 286
F．Litotes 286
G．Transferred Epithet 287
H．Onomatopoeia 288
I．Irony 288
Exercise 7 289
Active Voice or Passive Voice？ 291
Chapter 11 The Rhetoric of Sentences 291
Parallelism 293
Exercises 8，9 296
Dangling and Misplaced Modifiers 298
A．Dangling Modifiers 298
B．Misplaced Modifiers 301
Exercise 10 302
Sentence Clarity 304
A．Lack of Necessary Details 304
B．Choppy Sentences 305
C．Confusing Shifts 306
D．Confusing Pronoun Reference 308
Exercises 11，12 313
Sentence Conciseness 315
Exercise 13 319
A．Positions of Words 321
Sentence Emphasis 321
B．Periodic and Loose Sentences 322
C．Balanced Sentences 323
D．Repetition 324
E．Other Means of Emphasis 326
Exercises 14，15 326
The Expletives 327
Stringy Sentences 328
Exercises 16，17 329
Sentence Variety 330
A．Vary Sentence Beginnings 330
B．Vary Sentence Patterns and Kinds of Sentences 333
C．Vary Sentence Length 333
Exercises 18，19 334
Sentence Combining 334
Exercises 20，21 338
Tone 341
Style 343
Exercise 22 347
Appendix 352
Glossary of Usage 352
Punctuation 390
Index 406