高级英语语法教程PDF电子书下载

Introduction 1

0.1 Purpose and approaches 1

0.2 Hierarchical structure of English grammar 3

Chapter One Composition of NP and VP 10

1.1 Two formulae 10

1.2 Composition of NP 11

1.3 Composition of VP 14

Chapter Two NP:The Determiner 23

2.1 Membership 23

2.2 Collocation 25

2.3 Simple and compound determiner 32

Chapter Three NP:The Article 37

3.1 Reference 37

3.2 Idiomatic use 42

Chapter Four NP:Number,Case and Gender 49

4.1 Number 49

4.2 Case 54

4.3 Gender 59

Chapter Five NP:Modifiers and Pronoun 65

5.1 Modifiers 65

5.2 Pronoun 70

Chapter Six VP:The Tense 79

6.1 Two tenses and no more 79

6.2 Sense of time 81

6.3 Tense and time 81

Chapter Seven VP:The Aspect 88

7.1 Progressive 88

7.2 Perfective 93

7.3 Perfective progressive 98

Chapter Eight VP:The Passive Voice 101

8.1 Form of the passive 101

8.2 Condition and constraints for the use of the passive 102

8.3 Expressions active in form but passive in meaning 106

Chapter Nine VP:The Mood and The Means of Denoting The Future Time 110

9.1 The Mood and the moods 110

9.2 Mandative and formulaic 111

9.3 Means of denoting the future time 113

Chapter Ten VP:Modal Auxiliaries 119

10.1 Orientation 119

10.2 Significance of the distinction of the two orientations 120

10.3 Main modals 122

10.4 Comparisons 125

10.5 Negation 129

Chapter Eleven NP and VP:The Adjective and The Adverb(1) 132

11.1 Syntactic functions of the adjective 132

11.2 Syntactic classification 135

11.3 Semantic classification:stative vs.dynamic,gradable vs.non-gradable 138

11.4 Adverb as phrasal element 139

11.5 Adverb as clausal element 142

Chapter Twelve NP and VP:The Adjective and The Adverb(2),The Preposition 148

12.1 Adverb"with two forms" 148

12.2 Degrees of adjective and adverb 149

12.3 Preposition 152

Chapter Thirteen Transformation:Existential Sentence and Transformed Sentences Wheret is Involved 162

13.1 Transformation and expansion 162

13.2 Existential sentence and sentence in which it is involved 164

13.3 Transformed sentences where it is involved 168

Chapter Fourteen Transformation:Statement,Question,Command and Exclamation 173

14.1 Statement 174

14.2 Question 176

14.3 Command 180

14.4 Exclamation 181

Chapter Fifteen Transformation:Fronting and Postponement 186

15.1 Fronting 186

15.2 Inversion 188

15.3 Postponement 191

15.4 Fronting and postponement 193

Chapter Sixteen Transformation:Substitution and Ellipsis 197

16.1 Substitution for noun phrases and their constituents 197

16.2 Substitution for predicate,predication and clauses 199

16.3 Ellipsis 202

Chapter Seventeen Expansion:From NP to Clause 208

17.1 NP1 realized by finite and non-finite clauses 208

17.2 (NP4)realized by finite and non-finite clauses 211

17.3 (NP2)realized by finite and non-finite clauses 214

17.4 Finite and non-finite clauses as objects of the preposition 215

Chapter Eighteen Expansion:From(C)to Clause 220

18.1 Clauses as(Cs) 220

18.2 Clauses as(Co) 223

Chapter Nineteen Expansion:From(M)to Clause 231

19.1 Clauses as(M1) 231

19.2 Finite clauses as(M2) 233

19.3 Non-finite clauses as(M2) 237

Chapter Twenty Expansion:From[A]to Clause(1) 243

20.1 Semantic classification and description 243

Chapter Twenty-one Expansion:From[A]to Clause(2) 255

21.1 Position in sentence 255

21.2 Dangling clause and its acceptability 258

21.3 Syntactic classification 260

Chapter Twenty-two Expansion:Coordination and Apposition 266

22.1 Syndetic and asyndetic coordination 266

22.2 Syntactic features and semantic implications of coordinators 267

22.3 Correlatives and some other points about coordination 272

22.4 Apposition 274

Chapter Twenty-three Sentence Analysis:Phrase Structure Rules 280

23.1 Phrase structure rules(1-3) 280

23.2 Supplementary features provided by the phrase rules 286

23.3 Practice of sentence analysis 289

Chapter Twenty-four Sentence Analysis:Transformed Sentences 291

24.1 Transformed sentences 291

24.2 Practice of sentence analysis 298

Chapter Twenty-five Sentence Analysis:Ambiguous Sentences 301

25.1 Ambiguous sentences 301

25.2 Practice of sentence analysis 307

Key to Exercises 310

Bibliography 347

Index 348