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PART ONE EARLY AND MEDIEVAL ENGLISH LITERATURE 1

CHAPTERS 1

1.The Making of England 1

The Britons， 1

The Roman Conquest， 1

The English Conquest， 2

The Social Condition of the Anglo-Saxons， 2

Anglo-Saxon Religious Belief and Its Influence， 2

2.Beowulf 3

Anglo-Saxon Poetry， 3

The Story of Beowulf， 3

Analysis of Its Content， 4

Features of Beowulf， 5

3.Feudal England 5

The Danish Invasion， 5

The Norman Conquest， 5

The Influence of the Norman Conquest on the English Language， 6

Social Feature of the Feudal England， 6

The Miseries of the Peasants， 7

The Rising of 1381， 7

The Content of the Romance， 8

The Romance Cycles， 8

The Class Nature of the Romance， 9

Malory’s Le Morte D’Arthur， 9

4.Langland 11

Piers the Plowman and Its Author， 11

A Picture of Feudal England， 11

Artistic Features， 15

5.The English Ballads 16

Oral Literature， 16

The Ballads， 17

The Robin Hood Ballads， 17

6.Chaucer 19

Life， 19

Chaucer’s Literary Career， 21

Troilusand Criseyde， 21

The Canterbury Tales（1387—1400）， 22

PART TWO THE ENGLISH RENAISSANCE 27

CHAPTERS 27

1.Old England in Transition 27

The New Monarchy， 27

The Reformation， 27

The English Bible， 28

The Enclosure Movement， 29

The Commercial Expansion， 30

The War with Spain， 30

The Renaissance and Humanism， 30

William Caxton， 31

The Beginning of the English Renaissance， 32

2.More 32

Life， 32

Utopia， 33

Utopia，Book One， 33

Utopia，Book Two， 35

More’s Limitations， 37

Engels on the Renaissance， 37

3.The Flowering of English Literature 38

The Flourishing of Literature， 38

Sidney and Raleigh， 39

Edmund Spenser， 40

John Lyly， 43

Francis Bacon， 44

4.Drama 46

The Miracle Play， 46

The Morality Play， 47

The Interlude， 47

The Classical Drama， 47

The London Theatre， 47

The Audience， 48

The Playwrights， 49

5.Marlowe 50

Life， 50

Work， 51

Doctor Faustus， 52

Social Significance of Marlowe’s Plays， 54

Marlowe’s Literary Achievement， 55

6.Shakespeare 55

Life， 55

A Chronological List of Shakespeare’s Plays， 59

Periods of Shakespeare’s Dramatic Composition， 60

The Great Comedies， 67

The Mature Histories， 70

The Great Tragedies， 80

Hamlet， 84

The Later Comedies， 89

The Poems， 90

Features of Shakespeare’s Drama， 91

7.Ben Jonson 93

PART THREE THE PERIOD OF THE ENGLISH BOURGEOIS REVOLUTION 97

CHAPTERS 97

1.The English Revolution and the Restoration 97

The Weakening of the Tie Between Monarchy and Bourgeoisie， 97

The Clashes Between the King and Parliament， 97

The Outburst of the English Revolution， 98

The Split within the Revolutionary Camp， 98

The Bourgeois Dictatorship and the Restoration， 98

The Religious Cloak of the English Revolution， 99

Literature of the Revolution Period， 99

2.Milton 100

Life and Work， 100

Paradise Lost， 107

Samson Agonistes， 110

Brief Summary， 111

3.Bunyan 112

Life， 112

The Pilgrim’s Progress， 114

4.Metaphysical Poets and Cavalier Poets 116

John Donne， 116

George Herbert， 118

Andrew Marvell， 118

Henry Vaughan， 119

5.Some Prose-Writers 120

Robert Burton， 120

Thomas Browne， 120

Jeremy Taylor， 121

IzaakWalton， 121

6.Restoration Literature 122

Restoration Comedy， 122

John Dryden， 124

PART FOUR THE EIGHTEENTH CENTURY 126

CHAPTERS 126

1.The Enlightenment and Classicism in English Literature 126

The Enlightenment and 18th Century England， 126

Classicism， 128

2.Addison and Steele 128

Steele and The Tatler， 128

Addison and The Spectator， 130

3.Pope 134

Life， 134

Work， 135

Workmanship and Limitation， 137

4.Swift 138

Early Life， 138

A Tale of a Tub and The Battle of the Books， 139

Bickersta f f Almanac（1708）， 140

Gulliver’s Travels， 140

Pamphlets on Ireland， 143

Illness and Death， 144

Swift’s Style， 145

5.Defoe and the Rise of the English Novel 146

The Rise of the English Novel， 146

Defoe， 147

Defoe’s Novels， 149

Robinson Crusoe， 150

6.Richardson 153

7.Fielding 156

Life， 156

Fielding as a Playwright， 157

Joseph Andrews， 159

Jonathan Wild， 162

Tom Jones， 164

Summary， 168

8.Smollett and Sterne 171

Smollett， 171

Sterne， 174

9.18th Century Drama and Sheridan 176

18th Century English Drama， 176

Sheridan， 178

10.Johnson 180

Life， 180

Johnson’s Dictionary， 181

Boswell’s Life of Johnson， 183

11.Goldsmith 183

Life， 183

Work， 184

12.Gibbon 189

Life， 189

The Decline and Fall o f the Roman Empire， 190

13.Sentimentalism and Pre-Romanticism in Poetry 192

Sentimentalism in English Poetry， 192

Pre-Romanticism， 193

14.Blake 195

Life， 195

Songs o f Innocence（1789）and Songs of Experience（1794）， 197

The Marriage of Heaven and Hell（1790）， 200

Blake’s Position in English Literature， 201

15.Burns 201

Life， 201

The Poetry of Burns， 203

Features of Burns’ Poetry， 208

PART FIVE ROMANTICISM IN ENGLAND 210

CHAPTERS 210

1.The Romantic Period 210

2.Wordsworth 212

3.Coleridge and Southey 217

Coleridge， 217

Southey， 221

4.Byron 222

Life， 222

Childe Harold’s Pilgrimage， 226

Don Juan， 228

5.Shelley 232

Life， 232

Queen Mab， 235

The Revolt o f Islam， 237

Prometheus Unbound， 238

The Masque of Anarchy and Other Political Lyrics， 239

Lyrics on Nature and Love， 240

A Defence of Poetry， 243

6.Keats 244

Life， 244

Long Poems， 246

Short Poems， 250

7.Lamb 253

Life， 254

Lamb’s Literary Career， 255

The Essays of Elia， 256

8.Hazlitt and Leigh Hunt 258

Hazlitt， 258

Leigh Hunt， 262

9.De Quincey 263

10.Scott 265

Life， 265

His Historical Novels， 266

Features of Scott’s Historical Novels， 269

PART SIX ENGLISH CRITICAL REALISM 271

CHAPTERS 271

1.The Rise of Critical Realism in England 271

Social Background， 271

Chartist Movement and Chartist Literature， 272

English Critical Realism， 276

2.Dickens 277

Dickens’ Novels， 280

The First Period（1836—1841）， 280

The Second Period（1842—1850）， 287

The Third Period（1851—1870）， 295

Dickens：Man and Writer， 300

3.Thackeray 303

Life and Work， 303

Vanity Fair：A Novel Without a Hero， 305

4.Some Women Novelists 308

Jane Austen， 309

The Bronte Sisters， 310

Mrs.Gaskell， 314

George Eliot， 316

PART SEVEN PROSE-WRITERS AND POETS OF THE MID AND LATE 19TH CENTURY 321

CHAPTERS 321

1.Carlyle 321

Thomas Carlyle， 321

SartorResartus， 323

The French Revolution， 324

Heroes and Hero-Worship， 325

Past and Present， 325

Carlyle as a Literary Critic， 326

Engels on Carlyle， 326

2.Ruskin and Some Other Prose-Writers 327

Ruskin， 327

Arnold， 331

Macaulay， 334

3.Tennyson 336

Tennyson’s Life and Career， 336

In Memoriam， 337

The Idylls of the King， 339

4.The Brownings 341

Browning’s Early Life and Career， 341

Elizabeth Barrett （Mrs.Browning）， 342

Browning’s Main Achievement in Poetry， 344

Browning’s Short Lyrics， 345

5.The Rossettis and Swinburne 348

Dante Gabriel Rossetti， 348

Christina Georgina Rossetti（1830—1894）， 351

Fitzgerald’s Rubaiyat， 353

Algernon Charles Swinburne， 355

6.William Morris 356

Life， 357

A Dream o f John Ball， 359

News from Nowhere， 360

7.Literary Trends at the End of the Century 364

Naturalism， 364

Neo-Romanticism， 365

Aestheticism， 367

PART EIGHT TWENTIETH CENTURY ENGLISH LITERATURE 371

CHAPTERS 371

1.The New Century：Social and Historical Background 371

2.English Novel of Early 20th Century 372

The Realists， 373

Kipling，Bennett and Conrad， 374

Henry James， 376

Katharine Mansfield， 377

3.Hardy 378

Life and Work， 378

Tess of the D’Urbervilles， 379

Jude the Obscure， 380

4.Galsworthy 381

Life and Work， 381

The Forsyte Saga 382

5.The Irish Dramatic Movement 384

The Abbey Theatre and Lady Gregory， 384

J.M.Synge， 385

O’Casey， 385

6.Bernard Shaw 386

Life， 386

Dramatic Work， 388

Mrs.Warren’s Profession， 389

Major Barbara， 391

Heartbreak House， 393

7.Some Poets of Early 20th Century 394

8.Modernism in Poetry 396

Imagism， 396

W.B.Yeats， 396

T.S.Eliot， 399

9.The Psychological Fiction 402

D.H.Lawrence， 403

The “Stream of Consciousness” School of Novel， 405

James Joyce， 406

Virginia Woolf， 408

10.Robert Tressell：A Working-Class Novelist 411

11.Marxist Literary Criticism 415

Ralph Fox and The Novel and the People， 415

Christopher Caudwell， 418

Other Marxist Critics， 420

PART NINE POETS AND NOVELISTS WHO WROTE BOTH BEFORE AND AFTER THE SECOND WORLD WAR 421

CHAPTERS 421

1.Social and Historical Background 421

2.W.H.Auden 423

3.Dylan Thomas 430

4.Hugh MacDiarmid 434

5.E.M.Forster 442

6.Evelyn Waugh 445

7.Graham Greene 448

8.Aldous Huxley 451

Point Counter Point， 452

Brave New World， 452

9.George Orwell 454

10.William Golding 456

11.Doris Lessing 459