抽象代数讲义 第2卷PDF电子书下载

CHAPTERⅠ：FINITE DIMENSIONAL VECTOR SPACES 3

1.Abstract vector spaces 3

2.Right vector spaces 6

3.o-modules 7

4.Linear dependence 9

5.Invariance of dimensionality 13

6.Bases and matrices 15

7.Applications to matrix theory 18

8.Rank of a set of vectors 22

9.Factor spaces 25

10.Algebra of subspaces 25

11.Independent subspaces， direct sums 28

CHAPTER Ⅱ： LINEAR TRANSFORMATIONS 31

1.Definition and examples 31

2.Compositions of linear transformations 33

3.The matrix of a linear transformation 36

4.Compositions of matrices 38

5.Change of basis.Equivalence and similarity of matrices 41

6.Rank space and null space of a linear transformation 44

7.Systems of linear equations 47

8.Linear transformations in right vector spaces 49

9.Linear functions 51

10.Duality between a finite dimensional space and its conjugate space 53

11.Transpose of a linear transformation 56

12.Matrices of the transpose 58

13.Projections 59

CHAPTER Ⅲ： THE THEORY OF A SINGLE LINEAR TRANSFORMATION 63

1.The minimum polynomial of a linear transformation 63

2.Cyclic subspaces 66

3.Existence of a vector whose order is the minimum polynomial 67

4.Cyclic linear transformations 69

5.The Φ[λ]-module determined by a linear transformation 74

6.Finitely generated o-modules， o， a principal ideal domain 76

7.Normalization of the generators of ？ and of ？ 78

8.Equivalence of matrices with elements in a principal ideal domain 79

9.Structure of finitely generated o-modules 85

10.Invariance theorems 88

11.Decomposition of a vector space relative to a linear trans-formation 92

12.The characteristic and minimum polynomials 98

13.Direct proof of Theorem 13 100

14.Formal properties of the trace and the characteristic poly-nomial 103

15.The ring of o-endomorphisms of a cyclic o-module 106

16.Determination of the ring of o-endomorphisms of a finitely generated o-module， o principal 108

17.The linear transformations which commute with a given lin-ear transformation 110

18.The center of the ring ？ 113

CHAPTER Ⅳ： SETS OF LINEAR TRANSFORMATIONS 115

1.Invariant subspaces 115

2.Induced linear transformations 117

3.Composition series 120

4.Decomposability 122

5.Complete reducibility 124

6.Relation to the theory of operator groups and the theory of modules 126

7.Reducibility， decomposability， complete reducibility for a single linear transformation 128

8.The primary components of a space relative to a linear trans-formation 130

9.Sets of commutative linear transformations 132

CHAPTER Ⅴ： BILINEAR FORMS 137

1.Bilinear forms 137

2.Matrices of a bilinear form 138

3.Non-degenerate forms 140

4.Transpose of a linear transformation relative to a pair of bi-linear forms 142

5.Another relation between linear transformations and bilinear forms 145

6.Scalar products 147

7.Hermitian scalar products 150

8.Matrices of hermitian scalar products 152

9.Symmetric and hermitian scalar products over special divi-sion rings 154

10.Alternate scalar products 159

11.Witt’s theorem 162

12.Non-alternate skew-symmetric forms 170

CHAPTER Ⅵ： EUCLIDEAN AND UNITARY SPACES 173

1.Cartesian bases 173

2.Linear transformations and scalar products 176

3.Orthogonal complete reducibility 177

4.Symmetric， skew and orthogonal linear transformations 178

5.Canonical matrices for symmetric and skew linear transfor-mations 179

6.Commutative symmetric and skew linear transformations 182

7.Normal and orthogonal linear transformations 184

8.Semi-definite transformations 186

9.Polar factorization of an arbitrary linear transformation 188

10.Unitary geometry 190

11.Analytic functions of linear transformations 194

CHAPTER Ⅶ： PRODUCTS OF VECTOR SPACES 199

1.Product groups of vector spaces 199

2.Direct products of linear transformations 202

3.Two-sided vector spaces 204

4.The Kronecker product 208

5.Kronecker products of linear transformations and of matrices 211

6.Tensor spaces 213

7.Symmetry classes of tensors 217

8.Extension of the field of a vector space 221

9.A theorem on similarity of sets of matrices 222

10.Alternative definition of an algebra.Kronecker product of algebras 225

CHAPTER Ⅷ： THE RING OF LINEAR TRANSFORMATIONS 227

1.Simplicity of ？ 227

2.Operator methods 229

3.The left ideals of ？ 230

4.Right ideals 232

5.Isomorphisms of rings of linear transformations 233

CHAPTER Ⅸ： INFINITE DIMENSIONAL VECTOR SPACES 239

1.Existence of a basis 239

2.Invariance of dimensionality 240

3.Subspaces 242

4.Linear transformations and matrices 243

5.Dimensionality of the conjugate space 244

6.Finite topology for linear transformations 248

7.Total subspaces of ？ 251

8.Dual spaces.Kronecker products 253

9.Two-sided ideals in the ring of linear transformations 256

10.Dense rings of linear transformations 259

11.Isomorphism theorems 264

12.Anti-automorphisms and scalar products 267

13.Schur’s lemma.A general density theorem 271

14.Irreducible algebras of linear transformations 274

Index 277