汉语违实成分研究 英文版PDF电子书下载

Foreword 1

List of Abbreviations 1

CHAPTER ONE INTRODUCTION 1

1.1 Theories of Conditionals and CFCs 1

1.2 Goals of This Book 11

1.3 Some Basic Concepts of Conditionals 13

1.3.1 Various Conditionals 13

1.3.2 Examining the Grammatical Features of Conditionals 18

1.4 Structure of This Book 20

CHAPTER TWO A SURVEY oF CoNDITIoNALS AND CFCS IN CHINESE 21

2.1 Chinese Conditionals 21

2.1.1 Conditionals vs. Hypotheticals:A New Definition 22

2.1.2 Subclassification of Conditionals 26

2.1.3 Chinese and English Conditionals 29

2.1.3.1 Chinese Donkey Sentences 29

2.1.3.2 Tense Expressions 34

2.1.4 Some Grammatical Features of Conditionals in Chinese 40

2.1.4.1 Hypothetical Conjunctions 40

2.1.4.2 The Components of a Conditional 42

2.1.4.3 Subjectivity in Conditionals 44

2.1.4.4 Conditional as a Typical Irrealis Modal Sentence 45

2.2 Some Basic Concepts about CFCs 47

2.2.1 Definitions 48

2.2.2 CF Sentence as Subjectivised Construction 50

2.2.3 Modality and CFC 51

CHAPTER THREE LITERATURE REVIEW 55

3.1 Early Stage（before 1980s） 58

3.2 Middle Stage（mid 1980s to early 2000s） 61

3.2.1 Guohua Chen（1988）and Yan Jiang（2000） 62

3.2.2 Weixian Wang et a1.（1994），Fuyi Xing（2001）and Jiaxuan Shen（2003） 65

3.3 Recent Stage（Since the beginning of the 21 st century till now） 72

3.3.1 Realis vs.Irrealis-Xiaoying Luo（2006），Min Li（2006），Xiaoling Wang（2007），Xueping Zhang（2008） 73

3.3.2 Psychological Experimental Approach 81

3.3.3 Linguistic Approach（Yaoshi（要是）vs.Yaobushi（要不是）—Yuying Su（2008）） 84

CHAPTER FOUR CF INGREDIENTS（I）:TEMPORAL EXPRESSIONS 89

4.1 A Brief Review of the Previous Studies on Temporal Structure in Chinese 90

4.1.1 Tripartite Temporal Structure-Ping Chen（1988） 91

4.1.2 Formal Approaches-Yan Jiang＆Haihua Pan（2005） 93

4.1.3 Temporal Reference-Yang Gu（2007） 95

4.1.4 Relevance-Account of le（了）and guo（过）-Ljungqvist（2007） 96

4.2 An Analysis Based on Tripartite Temporal System 98

4.2.1 Phase 98

4.2.2 Aspect 110

4.2.3 Tense 126

4.3 More on Temporal Anchoring 134

4.4 Interim Summary 140

CHAPTER FIVE CF INGREDIENTS（Ⅱ） 144

5.1 Hypothetical Conjunctions 144

5.1.1 Ruguo（如果）（Yaoshi（要是），Yao（要），Jiaru（假如），Jiashi（假使），Jiashe（假设），Tangruo（倘若），Ruruo（如若），Sheruo（设若），etc.） 149

5.1.2 Yaobushi（要不是）（Ruofei（若非），Ruobushi（若不是），Ruguobushi（如果不是），etc.） 151

5.1.3 Wanyi（万一） 152

5.1.4 A Brief Summary 154

5.1.5 CF Sentences Without Conjunctions 155

5.2 Negation 156

5.3 Personal Pronouns 171

5.4 Rhetorical Questions 175

5.5 CF Enhancers 181

5.6 Summary 187

CHAPTER SIX GENERATING COUNTERFACTUALITY IN MANDARIN CONDITIONAL SENTENCES 188

6.1 Context Determinism vs.Ingredient Determinism 188

6.2 Minimalism，Contextualism and Indexicalism 191

6.3 A Three-Layer Context System 198

6.3.1 CF Ingredients:Local Context 199

6.3.1.1 CF Ingredients Revisited 199

6.3.1.2 Numbers Talk 206

6.3.1.3 Working Mechanism 211

6.3.2 Protasis and Apodosis:Compound Sentence Context 221

6.3.2.1 Binding Argument 222

6.3.2.2 From Protasis to Apodosis：A Process of Saturation 224

6.3.3 Macro Context 232

6.3.4 Interaction of Three Layers of Contexts 236

CHAPTER SEVEN CONCLUSIONS AND PROSPECTS FOR FUTURE RESEARCH 238

7.1 More on the Interpretational System 238

7.2 Recapitulation 244

7.3 Suggestions for Future Research 248

REFERENCES 252

APPENDIX Ⅰ 264

APPENDIX Ⅱ 266

APPENDIX Ⅲ 267

APPENDIX Ⅳ 274

APPENDIX Ⅴ 283

Acknowledgements 285