职业安全管理与工程 第5版PDF电子书下载

CHAPTER 1 ACCIDENT LOSSES 1

Costs of Well-Being 1

The Industrial Revolution and Accidents 2

Increasing Hazards 3

Physical Effects of Accidents 4

Numbers of Accidents vs.Costs 6

Lessening Safety Costs 9

Accident Losses for Personnel vs.Equipment and Facilities Increasing Magnitude of Accident Losses 11

Awards for Injuries 12

Bibliography 13

Exercises 13

CHAPTER 2 LIABILITIES AND SAFETY LEGISLATION 15

Statute Law 15

Common Law 16

Misadventure(Accident) 17

Strict Liability 17

Industrial Revolution 19

Negligence 19

American Laws 22

Steam Engines,Boats,and Locomotives 22

The Fourteenth Amendment and Safety 23

Liability Laws 23

Workers'Compensation Laws 24

Later Actions 25

Resurgence of Strict Liability 25

Limited Liability 27

Excused Negligence 27

Bibliography 27

Exercises 28

CHAPTER 3 WORKERS'COMPENSATION 29

Obligations to Employees 29

Workers'Compensation Laws 30

Problems of Nonuniformity 32

Coverages 34

Workers'Compensation Insurance 34

Costs of Workers'Compensation Insurance 34

Insurance Rating Systems 37

Keeping Workers'Compensation Costs Down 37

Workers'Compensation Reform 39

Requirements for Benefits 40

Disagreements 40

Injury Resulting from an Accident 41

Injury Arising out of Employment 41

Types of Disabilities 43

Monetary Disability Benefits 44

Death Benefits 44

Extent of Medical Benefits 44

Injury and Claim Notices 45

Hearings 45

Action against a Third Party 46

Inadequacy of Workers'Compensation 49

Bibliography 50

Exercises 50

CHAPTER 4 OSHACT AND ITS ADMINISTRATION 52

New Concepts of Accident Avoidance 53

Enactment of the Occupational Safety and Health Act(OSHAct) 55

Other Organizations 55

State Industrial Safety Programs 56

Responsibilities of Employers and Employees 58

Inspections 58

Violations and Penalties 59

Standards 62

Record Keeping 62

Impact of OSHA 62

OSHA and Hazard Minimization 64

Antagonism toward OSHA 64

The New Millennium 67

The New OSHA 68

Exercises 72

CHAPTER 5 STANDARDS,CODES,AND OTHER SAFETY DOCUMENTS 73

Uses for Standards and Codes 74

Mandatory vs.Voluntary Standards 76

Objections to Consensus Standards 79

Test Standards 80

Differences in Standards 81

Changing Standards 83

Inadequacies of Standards 83

Standards and Analyses 84

Proliferation of Standards 84

Status of OSHA Standards 84

Bibliography 85

Exercises 86

CHAPTER 6 ENGINEERS AND SAFETY 87

Accomplishments of Engineers 87

Engineering and Accidents 88

Steam Equipment and Accidents 88

Technical Societies and Safety 89

Inadequacy of Engineering Schools 89

Engineers as Causers of Accidents 90

Registration of Engineers 91

Possible Improvements in Registration 95

Bibliography 97

Exercises 97

CHAPTER 7 MANAGEMENT AND ITS RESPONSIBILITIES 98

Safety Policies 98

OSHAct and Management 100

Actions against Managers 100

Management Attitudes toward Safety 102

Middle Managers 106

Foremen/Forewomen and Safety 106

Procedural Safeguards 107

Management and Supervision 108

Safety Efforts of Other Managers 110

Hazardous Operations 112

Personnel 113

Personal Protective Equipment 114

Checklist for Managers 115

Safety Information System 115

Bibliography 118

Exercises 119

CHAPTER 8 THE CHANGING ROLES OF SAFETY PERSONNEL 120

Safety Laws and Safety Engineers 121

Safety Personnel 122

"Safety Man" 123

Safety Engineer 123

Production and Processing Losses 125

Growing Areas within Safety 125

Bibliography 126

Exercises 126

CHAPTER 9 PERSONNEL 127

Disabled Personnel in the Workplace 128

Older Personnel in the Workforce 130

Human Error 130

Designing and Planning Errors 131

Production Errors 132

Operations Errors 135

Two-Person Concept 136

Human vs.Machine 136

The Biochemical Machine 137

Motivation 138

Violence in the Workplace 139

Judgment 141

Accident-Prone Persons 142

Quantitative Error Prediction 144

Human Factors Engineering 145

Procedural Means of Accident Prevention 146

Critical Operations 146

Responsibilities of the Individual Worker 149

Procedure Analysis 151

Outputs of Procedure Analysis 155

Contingency Analysis 155

Bibliography 157

Exercises 157

CHAPTER 10 PROMOTING SAFE PRACTICES 159

The Behavior-Based Safety Approach 160

The Regulatory Approach:Safety Rules 162

Employee Participation 162

Critical Incident Technique 163

Other Methods 164

Suggestion Programs 164

Union Participation 165

Safety Training 165

In-depth Training 167

Maintaining Awareness 168

General Comments on Safety Committees 168

Safety Committee Duties 169

Bibliography 170

Exercises 170

CHAPTER 11 APPRAISING PLANT SAFETY 171

New Plants and Equipment Designs 172

Existing Plants and Equipment 172

Indicating Plant Hazards 173

Safety Inspections 174

Checklists 175

Quantitative Appraisals 176

Problems with Validity of Statistics 176

Problems with Quantitative Rates 178

Validity of Statistical Comparisons 179

Risk Assessments 180

Acceptance of Risk 184

Risk Communication 186

Bibliography 187

Exercises 187

CHAPTER 12 HAZARDS AND THEIR CONTROL 189

Determining Existence of Hazards 190

Eliminating and Controlling Hazards 192

Isolation,Lockouts,Lockins,and Interlocks 194

Failure Minimization 200

Safety Factors and Margins 200

Monitoring 203

Warning Means and Devices 206

Safe Procedures 207

Backout and Recovery 207

Damage Minimization and Containment 211

Physical Isolation 211

Weak Links 212

Escape,Survival,and Rescue 213

Bibliography 214

Exercises 214

CHAPTER 13 PLANNING FOR EMERGENCIES 215

Medical Responses in Emergencies 215

Bibliography 228

Exercises 228

CHAPTER 14 ACCIDENT INVESTIGATIONS 229

Investigating Board Chairman's Responsibilities 232

Contributing Personnel 232

Conducting the Investigation 234

Accident Reports 235

Corrective Actions 237

Insurance Claims 237

Other Aspects of Accident Investigations 239

Exercises 239

CHAPTER 15 SAFETY ANALYSIS 240

General 240

Preliminary Hazards Analysis 241

Failure Modes and Effects Analysis 245

Fault-Tree Analysis(FTA) 245

Fault Tree Symbols 246

Safety Analysis Methods Mandated for Process Safety Management 254

Bibliography 257

Exercises 258

CHAPTER 16 ACCELERATION,FALLS,FALLING OBJECTS,AND OTHER IMPACTS 259

Falls 259

Preventive Measures Against Falls 262

Impacting Objects 265

Other Acceleration Effects 267

Bibliography 270

Exercises 270

CHAPTER 17 MECHANICAL INJURIES 271

Cutting and Tearing 271

Shearing 272

Crushing 272

Breaking 273

Machine Guards and Safety Devices 273

Guards 274

Precautionary Measures 276

Exercises 277

CHAPTER 18 WORK-RELATED MUSCULOSKELETAL DISORDERS 279

Musculoskeletal Disorders(MSDs):Work Related or Not Work Related? 280

The Effects of WMSDs 281

Worker-related Factors Associated with MSDs 282

Carpal Tunnel Syndrome 283

Nonoccupational Factors of CTS 283

Low Back Pain 284

Back Belts 286

Ergonomics:A Program to Control WMSDs 287

Bibliography 290

Exercises 290

CHAPTER 19 HEAT AND TEMPERATURE 291

Effects on Personnel 291

Classification of Burn Severities 296

Burns to the Eye 297

Other Temperature Effects on Personnel 297

High Temperatures 298

Additional Effects 305

Bibliography 311

Exercises 311

CHAPTER 20 PRESSURE HAZARDS 312

Unfired Pressure Vessels 314

Discharges from Safety Valves 317

Dynamic Pressure Hazards 317

Water Hammer 319

Negative Pressure(Vacuums) 320

Testing of Pressure Systems 320

Leaks 321

Effects of Leakage 323

Leak Detection 324

Dysbarism and Decompression Sickness 324

Compressed-Gas Cylinders 328

Bibliography 336

Exercises 340

CHAPTER 21 ELECTRICAL HAZARDS 341

Shock 341

Other Factors 342

Causes of Shock 344

Electrical Insulation Failures 346

Equipment Failures 347

Other Shock Protection 349

Static Electricity 354

Lightning 359

Ignition of Combustible Materials 361

Containment of Discharges 361

Inherently Safe Devices 361

Heating and Overheating 365

Circuit and Equipment Protection 366

Unit Protection 367

Why an Open Circuit? 368

Exercises 374

CHAPTER 22 FIRES AND FIRE SUPPRESSION 375

Fuels 375

Oxidizers 378

Gases 379

Flammable and Combustible Liquids 379

Flammable Solids 386

Ignition 387

Ignition Sources 394

Ignition Delay 394

Effects of Fire on Personnel 396

Fire Detection Systems 399

Fire Classifications 400

Fire Suppression 401

Extinguishing Systems 408

Bibliography 419

Exercises 419

CHAPTER 23 EXPLOSIONS AND EXPLOSIVES 425

Industrial Usage and Problems 425

Materials That Will Explode 429

Explosive Effects 431

Preventing Explosion Damage 434

Bibliography 439

Exercises 439

CHAPTER 24 HAZARDS OF TOXIC MATERIALS 440

Toxic Materials 440

Routes to Injury Sites 441

Hypoxia 441

Hypoxic Hypoxia 445

Mechanisms of Toxic Agents 448

Measurement of Toxicity 458

Detection of Toxic Agents 461

Respiratory Protective Equipment 461

Bibliography 475

Exercises 476

CHAPTER 25 ENVIRONMENTS 477

OSHA and EPA 477

Types of Environments 480

Natural and Induced Environments 480

Controlled Environments 484

Closed or Free Environments 484

Hazards of the Environment 486

Detecting Adverse Environments 486

Protection against the Environment 489

Industrial Ecology 492

Bibliography 495

Exercises 496

CHAPTER 26 CONFINED-SPACE ENTRY 497

What Is a Confined Space? 498

Atmospheric Hazards 500

Physical Hazards 501

Chemical,Biological,Radiation 501

Management Responsibilities for Confined Spaces 501

Bibliography 504

Exercises 505

CHAPTER 27 RADIATION 506

Ionizing Radiation 508

Factors Affecting Exposure and Risk 512

Sources of Ionizing Radiation 512

Beneficial Uses of Ionizing Radiation 515

Fears of Nuclear Radiation 515

Ionizing/Nonionizing Interface 519

Nonionizing Radiations 519

Radio Frequency Radiation of Wireless Communication Devices 527

Bibliography 531

Exercises 531

CHAPTER 28 VIBRATION AND NOISE 532

Effects of Vibration,Sound,and Noise 533

Mechanism of Hearing Injuries 541

Elements of a Hearing Conservation Program(HCP) 542

Annoyance 547

Distraction 547

Interference and Masking 548

Other Vibration Effects 548

Bibliography 554

Exercises 554

CHAPTER 29 COMPUTERS AND SAFETY 557

Safety Uses of Computers 558

Safety Problems to Workers 559

Accidents with Computerized Equipment 559

Computer Inabilities 559

Programming Errors 562

Avoiding Human Errors 562

Safety Data Processing 562

Avoiding Safety Problems 563

Computer Controls against Hazards 563

Computers and Hazard Analyses 564

Simulations 564

Software Hazard Categories 565

Software Analysis 565

Software Hazard Analysis Techniques 567

Tailoring Software Analysis 572

Robots and Accidents 573

For the Future 575

Bibliography 575

Exercises 575

BIBLIOGRAPHY 577

INDEX 583