语言与交际 语言学概论 英文版PDF电子书下载

Chapter 1 Language,Meaning and Context: Pragmatics 1

Pragmatic Meaning 1

Context 2

Presupposition as Shared Knowledge 6

Preface 7

Paving the Way 9

Implicature 9

Defining Properties of Language 10

Cooperative Principle 12

Conversational Maxims 13

An Overview of Modern Linguistics 13

Speech Acts 14

Why speech acts? 14

The distinction between doing and saying 16

Classification of illocutionary acts 18

Language and Communication 19

Nonverbal Communication 20

Felicity conditions for illocutionary acts 20

Direct and indirect illocutionary acts 22

Politeness in Language 24

The notion of face 25

Positive politeness vs. negative politeness 26

Pragmatic Failure in Cross-Cultural Communication 27

Recommended Readings 29

Exercises 30

Chapter 2 The Sound System of Language:Phonology 35

Vocal Tract 35

The Phonetic Alphabet 36

Classification and Description of the Speech Sounds 39

Consonants 40

Vowels 43

Minimal Pairs 48

The Phoneme 49

Phonological Rules 51

Suprasegmentals 53

Recommended Readings 60

Exercises 60

Chapter 3 The Analysis of Word Structure:Morphology 69

The Nature of Words 69

Morpheme Classification 71

Allomorphs 78

Features of Morphemes 80

Word Formation 83

Exercises 97

Recommended Readings 97

Chapter 4 The Analysis of Meaning: Semantics 101

Meanings of Meaning 102

Approaches to the study of meaning 102

Meaning-carriers 104

Types of meaning 106

Words and Their Meanings 107

Ambiguity revisited 107

Semantic normality and abnormality 109

Types of Sense Relations of Words 110

Syntagmatic relationships 111

Paradigmatic relationships 115

Semantic Field 122

Componential Analysis 123

Idioms 125

Recommended Readings 125

Exercises 126

Chapter 5 The Structure of Sentence:Syntax 131

Immediate Constituent 133

Phrase Structure Rules 139

Transformation 151

Current Approaches to the Study of Syntax 173

X-bar theory 175

Alpha movement 181

Island constraints 196

Recommended Readings 202

Exercises 203

Chapter 6 Language Change 207

Language Change and Historical Linguistics 208

Family tree hypothesis 210

Grimm's Law 214

Wave theory 214

Aspects of Language Change 216

Phonological change 216

Morphological change 218

Lexical change 222

Semantic change 224

Syntactic change 225

Reasons for Language Change 228

Language Typology 231

Isolating, agglutinative and inflectional 231

Word order 234

Recommended Readings 235

Exercises 235

Chapter 7 Language Variation 241

Code Switching 242

New York City study 248

Variation and Social Class 248

Social stratification in other communities 250

The consensus view vs. the conflict view of social class 253

Variation and Social Network 255

Variation and Gender 259

Gender and sociolinguistic variation 261

Gender differences in conversation 265

Gender differences in interactional strategies 267

Two Approaches to Gender Variation: Dominance or Difference? 270

Language and the Social Construction of Gender 275

Variation and Style 277

Style as attention paid to speech 277

Style as audience design 279

Speaker-based approaches to style 281

Variation and Language Change 284

Change in real and apparent time 285

Origin and propagation of change 286

Recommended Readings 292

Exercises 292

Chapter 8 Language Acquisition 295

First Language Acquisition 295

Stages in first language acquisition 297

Issues in first language acquisition 314

Second Language Acquisition 328

Issues in second language acquisition 329

Recommended Readings 333

Exercises 334

References 335

Glossary 347

Subject Index 367