基础地球科学PDF电子书下载

1 Earth Sciences 1

Chapter 1 Introduction 1

2　Why Study the Earth? 2

3　How to Study the Earth? 3

4　Earth Physical Characteristics 5

Chapter 2 Minerals 11

1 Elements 11

2　Minerals 12

3　Physical Property of Minerals 14

4　Common Minerals 19

Chapter 3 Igneous Rocks 25

1　Magma 25

2　Intrusion and Intrusive Body 26

3　Volcano and Volcanism 29

4　Igneous Rocks 33

1　Atmosphere 41

Chapter 4 External Geological Process and Sedimentary Rocks 41

2　Hydrologic Sphere 44

3　Biosphere 45

4　Formation of Sedimentary Rocks 45

5　Minerals of Sedimentary Rock 47

6　Texture of Sedimentary Rock 47

7　Structure of Sedimentary Rock 49

8　Classification of Sedimentary Rocks 52

Chapter 5 Metamorphic Rocks 57

1 Intruduction 57

2　Factors Controlling Metamorphism 59

3　Types of Metamorphism 61

4　Classification of Metamorphic Rocks 63

5　Rock Cycle 66

Chapter 6 Geologic Time Scale 70

1 Stratigraphic Principles 71

2　Principle of Cross-Cutting Relationship 73

3　Principle of Biologic Succession 73

4　Unconformity 75

5　Radiometric Dating 77

6　Geologic Time Scale 78

Chapter 7　Earthquakes 85

1　What is Earthquake? 85

2　Types of Earthquake 86

3　Earthquake Wave 88

4　Seismograph 89

5　Magnitude and Intensity of Earthquake 93

6　World Wide Distributions of Earthquake 95

7　Effects of Earthquakes 97

8　Prediction and Prevention of Earthquake 99

Chapter 8 Geological Structures 103

1　Orientations 104

2　Fault 105

3　Joints 109

4　Fold 110

Chapter 9　Plate Tectonics 118

1　The Continental Drift Theory 118

2　Sea-floor Spreading Theory 119

3　Plate Tectonics 120

4　Types of Plate Boundaries 121

5　Earth's Maior Plates 125

6　Continental Margins 125

7　Wilson Cycle 127

8　Cause of Plate Tectonics 129

Chapter 10　Weathering and Soil 132

1　Physical Weathering 132

2　Chemical Weathering 134

3　Biological Weathering 135

4　Factors that Influence Weathering 136

5　Products of Weathering 138

6　Regolith and Soil 140

Chapter 11　Streams 144

1 Introduction 145

2　Stream Erosion 149

3 River Transportation 156

4　Stream Deposition 157

5　Degradation 159

6　River System Pattern（水系型式） 161

7　Landscape Evolufion（地貌演化） 163

Chapter 12 Groundwater 169

1　Instruction 169

2　Recharge and Discharge of Groundwater 172

3　Storage Condition of Groundwater 173

4　Geothermal Water 178

5　Karst Topography 179

6　Groundwater and Engineering 182

7　Groundwater Contamination 184

Chapter 13　Ocean and Coastal Processes 187

1　Ocean Movements 188

2　Coast 192

3　Continental Margin and Ocean Basin 201

Chapter 14　Glacier 207

1　The Formation of Glacier 207

2　The Budget of a Glacier 209

3　Movement of Glacier 209

4　Glacial Classification 210

5　Glacial Erosion 211

6　Glacial Transportation 215

7　Glacial Deposition 215

8　Glaciation and lts Effects 219

9　Causes of lce Ages 220

1　Wind Erosion 225

Chapter 15　Wind Action and Desert 225

2　Wind Transportation 227

3 Wind Deposits 228

4　Deserts 231

5　Desertification and Dust storm 233

6　Loess 233

Chapter 16 Mass Wasting 237

1 Factors controlling Mass Wasting Hazards 238

2　Types of Mass Wasting:Slope Failures 240

3　Types of Mass Wasting:Sediment Flows 243

Chapter 17　Lake and Wetland 249

1　A Genetic Classification of Lakes 249

2　Hydrology of Lake 252

3　Geological Process of Lake 254

4　Wetland 256

1 Introduction 260

Chapter 18　The Solar System 260

2　Terrestrial Planets 264

3　Jovian Planets 271

4　Origin and Evolution of the Solar System 273

Chapter 19　Resource and Sustainable Development 277

1　Oil and Gas 278

2　Coal 280

3　Metals and Ores 283

4　Nonmetallic Resources 288

5　Resources and Sustainable Development 289

Chapter 20　Atmosphere and Environment 293

1　El Nino and La Nina 293

2　Air pollution and Ozone Zone 295

3　Tropical Cyclone 297

4　Global warming 301

References 308