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INTRODUCTION 1

1．THE PROBLEM OF PHYSIOLOGICAL PSYCHOLOGY 1

2．SURVEY OF THE SUBJECT 11

3．PREPSYCHOLOGICAL CONCEPTS 16

PART Ⅰ THE BODILY SUBSTRATE OF THE MENTAL LIFE 27

CHAPTER THE ORGANIC EVOLUTION OF MENTAL FUNCTION 27

1．THE CRITERIA OF MIND AND THE RANGE OF THE MENTAL LIFE 27

2．THE DIFFERENTIATION OF MENTAL FUNCTIONS AND OF THEIR PHYSICAL SUBSTRATE 33

CHAPTER Ⅱ STRUCTURAL ELEMENTS OF THE NERVOUS SYSTEM 33

1．MORPHOLOGICAL ELEMENTS 39

a．The Nerve Cells 40

b．The Nerve Fibres 44

c．Peripheral Nerve Terminations 47

d．The Neurone Theory 48

2．CHEMICAL CONSTITUENTS 54

CHAPTER Ⅲ PHYSIOLOGICAL MECHANICS OF NERVE SUBSTANCE 57

1．GENERAL PRINCIPLES AND PROBLEMS OF A MECHANICS OF INNERVATION 57

a．Methods Of a Mechanics of Innervation 57

b．The Principle of the Conservation of Work 60

c．Application of the Principle of the Conservation of Work to the Vital Processes and the Nervous System 65

2．THE COURSE OF THE PROCESSES OF STIMULATION IN THE NERVE FIBRE 67

a．Course of the Muscular Contraction following Stimulation of the Motor Nerve 67

b．Excitatory and Inhibitory Processes in Nerve Stimulation 70

c．After-effects of Stimulation:Practice and Fatigue 75

d．Stimulation of Nerve by the Galvanic Current 79

3．THEORY OF NERVOUS EXCITATION 80

4．INFLUENCE OF THE CENTRAL PARTS UPON THE PROCESSES OF EXCITATION 85

a．Course of the Reflex Excitation 85

b．Enhancement of Reflex Excitability 88

c．Inhibitions of Reflexes by Interference of Stimuli 91

d．Chronic Effects of Excitation and Inhibition:Positive and Negative Tonus 93

5．THEORY OF CENTRAL INNERVATION 94

a．General Theory of the Molecular Processes in the Nerve Cell 94

b．Relation of Nervous to Psychical Processes 101

CHAPTER Ⅳ MORPHOLOGICAL DEVELOPMENT OF THE CENTRAL ORGANS 101

1．GENERAL SURVEY 104

a．Object of the Following Exposition 104

b．The Neural Tube and the Three Main Divisions of the Brain 106

c．The Brain Ventricles and the Differentiation of the Parts of the Brain 109

2．THE MYEL IN THE HIGHER VERTEBRATES 114

3．THE OBLONGATA 118

4．THE CEREBELLUM 121

5．THE MESENCEPHALON 123

6．THE DIENCEPHALON 124

7．THE PROSENCEPHALON 126

a．The Brain Cavities and the Surrounding Parts 126

b．Fornix and Commissural System 132

c．The Development of the Outward Conformation of the Brain 137

CHAPTER Ⅴ COURSE OF THE PATHS OF NERVOUS CONDUCTION 150

1．GENERAL CONDITIONS OF CONDUCTION 150

2．METHODS OF INVESTIGATING THE CONDUCTION PATHS 152

3．CONDUCTION IN THE NERVES AND IN THE MYEL 155

a．Origin and Distribution of the Nerves 155

b．Physiology of the Conduction-Paths of the Myel 159

c．Anatomical Results 163

4．PATHS OF CONDUCTION IN OBLONGATA AND CEREBELLUM 167

a．General characteristics of these Paths 167

b．Continuations of the Motor and Sensory Paths 168

c．The Regions of Origin of the Cranial Nerves and the Nidi of Cinerea in the Oblongata 170

d．Paths of Conduction in Pons and Cerebellum 172

5．CEREBRAL GANGLIA AND CONDUCTION PATHS OF THE HIGHER SENSORY NERVES 178

a．The Cerebral Ganglia 178

b．Conduction Paths of the Nerves of Taste and Smell 179

c．Conduction Patks of the Acoustic Nerve 182

d．Conduction Paths of the Optic Nerve 185

6．PATHS OF MOTOR AND SENSORY CONDUCTION TO THE CEREBRAL CORTEX 190

a．General Methods for the Demonstration of the Cortical Centres 190

b．Motor and Sensory Cortical Centres in the Brain of the Dog 193

c．Motor and Sensory Cortical Areas in the Monkey 198

d．Motor and Sensory Cortical Centres in Man 204

7．ASSOCIATION SYSTEMS OF THE CEREBRAL CORTEX 213

8．STRUCTURE OF THE CEREBRAL CORTEX 218

9．GENERAL PRINCIPLES OF THE PROCESSES OF CENTRAL CONDUCTION 225

a．The Principle of Manifold Representation 225

b．The Principle of the Ascending Complication of Conduction Paths 226

c．The Principle of the Differentiation of Directions of Conduction 227

d．The Principle of the Central Colligation of Remote Functional Areas:Theory of Decussations 229

CHAPTER Ⅵ PHYSIOLOGICAL FUNCTION OF THE CENTRAL PARTS 229

1．METHODS OF FUNCTIONAL ANALYSIS 241

2．REFLEX FUNCTIONS 242

a．Spinal Reflexes 242

b．Metencephalic and Mesencephalic Reflexes 244

c．Purposiveness of the Reflexes.Extent of Reflex Phenomena 250

3．AUTOMATIC EXCITATIONS 253

a．Automatic Excitations in Myel and Oblongata 253

b．Automatic Excitations in the Brain Cortex 256

4．FUNCTIONS OF THE MESENCEPHALON AND DIENCEPHALON 258

a．Functions of the Mesencephalon and Diencephalon in the Lower Vertebrates 258

b．Functions of the Mesencephalon and Diencephalon in Man 269

c．Striatum and Lenticula 270

5．FUNCTIONS OF THE CEREBELLUM 271

6．FUNCTIONS OF THE CEREBRAL HEMISPHERES 280

a．Phenomena of Abrogation after Partial Destruction of the Prosen-cephalon 280

b．Phenomena of Abrogation after Total Loss of the Cerebral Hemispheres 283

c．Results from Comparative Anatomy and Anthropology 285

The Hypotheses of Localisation and their Opponents;the Old and the New Pbrenologies 287

7．ILLUSTRATIONS OF THE PSYCHOPHYSICAL ANALYSIS OF COMPLEX CEREBRAL FUNCTIONS 298

a．The Visual Centres 298

b．The Speech Centres 302

c．The Apperception Centre 315

8．GENERAL PRINCIPLES OF THE CENTRAL FUNCTIONS 320

a．The Principle of Connexion of Elements 320

b．The Principle of Original Indifference of Functions 322

c．The Principle of Practice and Adaptation 324

d．The Principle of Vicarious Function 325

s．The Principle of Relative Localisation 328

INDEX OF SUBJECTS 333

INDEX OF NAMES 345