数字与模拟通信系统 原书 第8版 英文版PDF电子书下载

1 INTRODUCTION 23

1-1 Historical Perspective 25

1-2 Digital and Analog Sources and Systems 27

1-3 Deterministic and Random Waveforms 28

1-4 Organization of the Book 29

1-5 Use of a Personal Computer and MATLAB 30

1-6 Block Diagram of a Communication System 30

1-7 Frequency Allocations 32

1-8 Propagation of Electromagnetic Waves 34

1-9 Information Measure 39

1-10 Channel Capacity and Ideal Communication Systems 41

1-11 Coding 42

Block Codes, 43

Convolutional Codes, 45

Code Interleaving, 48

Code Performance, 48

Trellis- Coded Modulation, 50

1-12 Preview 52

1-13 Study-Aid Examples 52

Problems 53

2 SIGNALS AND SPECTRA 56

2-1 Properties of Signals and Noise 56

Physically Realizable Waveforms, 57

Time Average Operator, 58

DC Value, 59

Power, 60

RMS Value and Normalized Power, 62

Energy and Power Waveforms, 63

Decibel 63

Phasors, 65

2-2 Fourier Transform and Spectra 66

Definition, 66

Properties of Fourier Transforms, 70

Parseval's Theorem and Energy Spectral Density, 71

Dirac Delta Function and Unit Step Function, 74

Rectangular and Triangular Pulses, 77

Convolution, 82

2-3 Power Spectral Density and Autocorrelation Function 85

Power Spectral Density, 85

Autocorrelation Function, 87

2-4 Orthogonal Series Representation of Signals and Noise 89

Orthogonal Functions, 90

Orthogonal Series, 91

2-5 Fourier Series 93

Complex Fourier Series, 93

Quaarature Fourier Series, 94

Polar Fourier Series, 96

Line Spectra for Periodic Waveforms, 97

Power Spectral Density for Periodic Waveforms, 102

2-6 Review of Linear Systems 104

Linear Time-lnvariant Systems, 104

Impulse Response, 104

Transfer Function, 105

Distortionless Transmission, 108

Distortion of Audio, Video, and Data Signals, 111

2-7 Bandlimited Signals and Noise 111

Bandlimited Waveforms, 112

Sampling Theorem, 112

Impulse Sampling and Digital Signal Processing, 115

Dimensionality Theorem, 117

2-8 Discrete Fourier Transform 119

Using the DFT to Compute the Continuous Fourier Transform, 120

Using the DFT to Compute the Fourier Series, 125

2-9 Bandwidth of Signals 127

2-10 Summary 134

2-11 Study-Aid Examples 135

Problems 139

3 BASEBAND PULSE AND DIGITAL SIGNALING 154

3-1 Introduction 154

3-2 Pulse Amplitude Modulation 155

Natural Sampling (Gating), 155

Instantaneous Sampling (Flat-Top PAM), 159

3-3 Pulse Code Modulation 163

Sampling, Quantizing, and Encoding, 164

Practical PCM Circuits, 167

Bandwidth of PCM Signals, 168

Effects of Noise, 170

Nonuniform Quantizing : μ-Law and A-Law Companding, 174

3-4 Digital Signaling 177

Vector Representation, 179

Bandwidth Estimation, 182

Binary Signaling, 182

Multilevel Signaling, 184

3-5 Line Codes and Spectra 186

Binary Line Coding, 186

Power Spectra for Binary Line Codes, 189

Differe ntial Coding, 196

Eye Patterns, 197

Regenerative Repeaters, 198

Bit Synchronization, 200

Power Spectra for Multilevel Polar NRZ Signals, 203

Spectral Efficiency, 206

3-6 Intersymbol Interference 207

Nyquist's First Method (Zero ISI), 210

Raised Cosine-Rolloff Nyquist Filtering, 211

Nyquist's Second and Third Methods for Control of ISI, 216

3-7 Differential Pulse Code Modulation 216

3-8 Delta Modulation 220

Granular Noise and Slope Overload Noise, 223

Adaptive Delta Modulation and Continuously Variable Slope Delta Modulation, 225

Speech Coding, 226

3-9 Time-Division Multiplexing 228

Frame Synchronization, 228

Synchronous and Asynchronous Lines, 232

TDM Hierarchy, 235

The Tl PCM System, 237

3-10 Packet Transmission System 241

3-11 Pulse Time Modulation: Pulse Width Modulation and Pulse Position Modulation 242

3-12 Summary 246

3-13 Study-Aid Examples 246

Problems 250

4 BANDPASS SIGNALING PRINCIPLES AND CIRCUITS 259

4-1 Complex Envelope Representation of Bandpass Waveforms 259

Definitions: Baseband, Bandpass, and Modulation, 260

Complex Envelope Representation, 260

4-2 Representation of Modulated Signals 263

4-3 Spectrum of Bandpass Signals 263

4-4 Evaluation of Power 267

4-5 Bandpass Filtering and Linear Distortion 270

Equivalent Low-Pass Filter, 270

Linear Distortion, 272

4-6 Bandpass Sampling Theorem 274

4-7 Received Signal Plus Noise 276

4-8 Classification of Filters and Amplifiers 276

Filters, 276

Amplifiers, 280

4-9 Nonlinear Distortion 281

4-10 Limiters 286

4-11 Mixers, Up Converters, and Down Converters 288

4-12 Frequency Multipliers 294

4-13 Detector Circuits 296

Envelope Detector, 296

Product Detector, 297

Frequency Modulation Detector, 299

4-14 Phase-Locked Loops and Frequency Synthesizers 304

4-15 Direct Digital Synthesis 312

4-16 Transmitters and Receivers 312

Generalized Transmitters, 312

Generalized Receiver: The Superheterodyne Receiver, 314

Zero-IF Receivers, 318

Interference, 319

4-17 Software Radios 319

4-18 Summary 321

4-19 Study-Aid Examples 321

Problems 327

5 AM, FM, AND DIGITAL MODULATED SYSTEMS 335

5-1 Amplitude Modulation 336

5-2 AM Broadcast Technical Standards and Digital AM Broadcasting 341

Digital AM Broadcasting, 342

5-3 Double-Sideband Suppressed Carrier 343

5-4 Costas Loop and Squaring Loop 344

5-5 Asymmetric Sideband Signals 346

Single Sideband, 346

Vestigial Sideband, 350

5-6 Phase Modulation and Frequency Modulation 353

Representation of PM and FM Signals, 353

Spectra of Angle-Modulated Signals, 358

Narrowband Angle Modulation, 363

Wideband Frequency Modulation, 364

Preemphasis and Deemphasis in Angle-Modulated Systems, 368

5-7 Frequency-Division Multiplexing and FM Stereo 370

5-8 FM Broadcast Technical Standards and Digital FM Broadcasting 373

Digital FM Broadcasting, 373

5-9 Binary Modulated Bandpass Signaling 375

On-Off Keying (OOK), 375

Binary Phase-Shift Keying (BPSK), 379

Differential Phase-Shift Keying (DPSK), 381

Frequency-Shift Keying (FSK), 381

5-10 Multilevel Modulated Bandpass Signaling 388

Quadrature Phase-Shift Keying and M-ary Phase-Shift Keying, 389

Quadrature Amplitude Modulation (QAM), 392

OQPSK and π/4 QPSK, 393

PSD for MPSK, QAM, QPSK, OQPSK, and π/4 QPSK, 396

Spectral Efficiency for MPSK, QAM, QPSK, OQPSK, and π/4 QPSK with Raised Cosine Filtering, 398

5-11 Minimum-Shift Keying and GMSK 400

5-12 Orthogonal Frequency Division Multiplexing (OFDM) 407

5-13 Spread Spectrum Systems 410

Direct Sequence, 411

Frequency Hopping, 418

SS Frequency Bands, 419

5-14 Summary 419

5-15 Study-Aid Examples 419

Problems 423

6 RANDOM PROCESSES AND SPECTRAL ANALYSIS 436

6-1 Some Basic Definitions 437

Random Processes, 437

Stationarity and Ergodicity, 438

Correlation Functions and Wide-Sense Stationarity, 442

Complex Random Processes, 445

6-2 Power Spectral Density 446

Definition, 446

Wiener-Khintchine Theorem, 448

Properties of the PSD, 450

General Formula for the PSD of Digital Signals, 455

White-Noise Processes, 457

Measurement of PSD, 458

6-3 DC and RMS Values for Ergodic Random Processes 459

6-4 Linear Systems 461

Input-Output Relationships, 461

6-5 Bandwidth Measures 466

Equivalent Bandwidth, 466

RMS Bandwidth, 466

6-6 The Gaussian Random Process 468

Properties of Gaussian Processes, 470

6-7 Bandpass Processes 472

Bandpass Representations, 472

Properties of WSS Bandpass Processes, 476

Proofs of Some Properties, 481

6-8 Matched Filters 486

General Results, 486

Results for White Noise, 488

Correlation Processing, 491

Transversal Matched Filter, 493

6-9 Summary 497

6-10 Appendix: Proof of Schwarz's Inequality 499

6-11 Study-AidExamples 501

Problems 503

7 PERFORMANCE OF COMMUNICATION SYSTEMS CORRUPTED BY NOISE 514

7-1 Error Probabilities for Binary Signaling 515

General Results, 515

Results for Gaussian Noise, 517

Results for White Gaussian Noise and Matched-Filter Reception, 519

Results for Colored Gaussian Noise and Matched-Filter Reception, 520

7-2 Performance of Baseband Binary Systems 521

Unipolar Signaling, 521

Polar Signaling, 524

Bipolar Signaling, 524

7-3 Coherent Detection of Bandpass Binary Signals 526

On-Off Keying, 526

Binary-Phase-Shift Keying, 528

Frequency-Shift Keying, 529

7-4 Noncoherent Detection of Bandpass Binary Signals 533

On-Off Keying, 533

Frequency-Shift Keying, 537

Differential Phase-Shift Keying, 539

7-5 Quadrature Phase-Shift Keying and Minimum-Shift Keying 541

7-6 Comparison of Digital Signaling Systems 543

Bit-Error Rate and Bandwidth, 543

Symbol Error and Bit Error for Multilevel Signaling, 545

Synchronization, 546

7-7 Output Signal-to-Noise Ratio for PCM Systems 547

7-8 Output Signal-to-Noise Ratios for Analog Systems 552

Comparison with Baseband Systems, 553

AM Systems with Product Detection, 554

AM Systems with Envelope Detection, 555

DSB-SC Systems, 557

SSB Systems, 557

PM Systems, 558

FM Systems, 562

FM Systems with Threshold Extension, 565

FM Systems with Deemphasis, 567

7-9 Comparison of Analog Signaling Systems 570

Ideal System Performance, 570

7-10 Summary 573

7-11 Study-Aid Examples 573

Problems 582

8 WIRE AND WIRELESS COMMUNICATION APPLICATIONS 591

8-1 The Explosive Growth of Telecommunications 591

8-2 Telephone Systems 592

Historical Basis, 592

Modern Telephone Systems and Remote Terminals, 593

8-3 Digital Subscriber Lines (DSL) 599

G.DMT and G.Lite Digital Subscriber Lines, 600

Video On Demand (VOD), 602

Integrated Service Digital Network (ISDN), 602

8-4 Capacities of Public Switched Telephone Networks 605

8-5 Satellite Communication Systems 605

Digital and Analog Television Transmission, 609

Data and Telephone Signal Multiple Access, 611

Satellite Radio Broadcasting, 617

8-6 Link Budget Analysis 619

Signal Power Received, 619

Thermal Noise Sources, 622

Characterization of Noise Sources, 623

Noise Characterization of Linear Devices, 624

Noise Characterization of Cascaded Linear Devices, 629

Link Budget Evaluation, 631

Eb/No Link Budget for Digital Systems, 634

Path Loss for Urban Wireless Environments, 635

8-7 FiberOptic Systems 640

8-8 Cellular Telephone Systems 642

First Generation (1G)—The AMPS Analog Circuit-switched System, 646

Second Generation (2G)—The Digital Circuit-switched Systems, 648

Third Generation ( 3G)—Digital with Circuit and Packet Switching, 651

Fourth Generation (4G)--Digital with Packet Switching, 651

8-9 Television 652

Analog Black-and-White Television, 652

MTS Stereo Sound, 659

Analog Color Television, 659

Standards for TV and CATV Systems, 663

Digital TV (DTV), 671

8-10 Cable Data Modems 675

8-11 Wireless Data Networks 677

WiFi, 677

WiMAX, 678

8-12 Summary 679

8-13 Study-Aid Examples 679

Problems 684

APPENDIX A MATHEMATICAL TECHNIQUES, IDENTITIES, AND TABLES 691

A-1 Trigonometry and Complex Numbers 691

Definitions, 691

Trigonometric Identities and Complex Numbers, 691

A-2 Differential Calculus 692

Definition, 692

Differentiation Rules, 692

Derivative Table, 692

A-3 Indeterminate Forms 693

A-4 Integral Calculus 693

Definition, 693

Integration Techniques, 694

A-5 Integral Tables 694

Indefinite Integrals, 694

Definite Integrals, 695

A-6 Series Expansions 696

Finite Series, 696

Infinite Series, 696

A-7 Hilbert Transform Pairs 697

A-8 The Dirac Delta Function 697

Properties of Dirac Delta Functions, 698

A-9 Tabulation of Sa (x) = (sin x)/x 699

A-10 Tabulation of Q (z) 700

APPENDIX B PROBABILITY AND RANDOM VARIABLES 702

B-1 Introduction 702

B-2 Sets 703

B-3 Probability and Relative Frequency 704

Simple Probability, 704

Joint Probability, 705

Conditional Probabilities, 706

B-4 Random Variables 707

B-5 Cumulative Distribution Functions and Probability Density Functions 707

Properties of CDFs and PDFs, 710

Discrete and Continuous Distributions, 710

B-6 Ensemble Average and Moments 714

Ensemble Average, 714

Moments, 715

B-7 Examples of Important Distributions 717

Binomial Distribution, 717

Poisson Distribution, 720

Uniform Distribution, 720

Gaussian Distribution, 720

Sinusoidal Distribution, 725

B-8 Functional Transformations of Random Variables 726

B-9 Multivariate Statistics 731

Multivariate CDFs and PDFs, 731

Bivariate Statistics, 733

Gaussian Bivariate Distribution, 734

Multivariate Functional Transformation, 734

Central Limit Theorem, 737

Problems 738

APPENDIX C USING MATLAB 745

C-1 About the MATLAB M-Files 746

C-2 Quick Start for Running M-Files 746

C-3 Programming in MATLAB 747

REFERENCES 749

ANSWERS TO SELECTED PROBLEMS 761

INDEX 769