这才是心理学 英文版 第9版PDF电子书下载

1 Psychology Is Alive and Well（and Doing Fine Among the Sciences） 1

The Freud Problem 1

The Diversity of Modern Psychology 2

Implications of Diversity 3

Unity in Science 6

What，Then，Is Science？ 8

Systematic Empiricism 9

Publicly Verifiable Knowledge：Replication and Peer Review 10

Empirically Solvable Problems：Scientists'Search for Testable Theories 12

Psychology and Folk Wisdom：The Problem with "Common Sense" 13

Psychology as a Young Science 16

Summary 18

2 Falsifiability：How to Foil Little Green Men in the Head 19

Theories and the Falsifiability Criterion 20

The Theory of Knocking Rhythms 22

Freud and Falsifiability 23

The Little Green Men 25

Not All Confirmations Are Equal 26

Falsifiability and Folk Wisdom 27

The Freedom to Admit a Mistake 28

Thoughts Are Cheap 30

Errors in Science：Getting Closer to the Truth 31

Summary 34

3 Operationism and Essentialism："But，Doctor，What Does It Really Mean？" 35

Why Scientists Are Not Essentialists 35

Essentialists Like to Argue About the Meaning of Words 36

Operationists Link Concepts to Observable Events 37

Reliability and Validity 38

Direct and Indirect Operational Definitions 40

Scientific Concepts Evolve 40

Operational Definitions in Psychology 42

Operationism as a Humanizing Force 45

Essentialist Questions and the Misunderstanding of Psychology 47

Operationism and the Phrasing of Psychological Questions 48

Summary 51

4 Testimonials and Case Study Evidence：Placebo Effects and the Amazing Randi 53

The Place ofthe Case Study 54

Why TestimonialsAre Worthless：Placebo Effects 56

The "Vividness"Problem 59

The Overwhelming Impact of the Single Case 63

The Amazing Randi：Fighting Fire with Fire 65

Testimonials Open the Door to Pseudoscience 67

Summary 71

5 Correlation and Causation：Birth Control by the Toaster Method 73

The Third-Variable Problem：Goldberger and Pellagra 74

Why Goldberger's Evidence Was Better 75

The Directionality Problem 78

Selection Bias 80

Summary 83

6 Getting Things Under Control：The Case of Clever Hans 85

Snow and Cholera 86

Comparison，Control，and Manipulation 87

Random Assignment in Conjunction with Manipulation Defines the True Experiment 88

The Importance of Control Groups 91

The Case of Clever Hans，the Wonder Horse 94

Clever Hans in the 1990s 96

Prying Variables Apart：Special Conditions 99

Intuitive Physics 101

Intuitive Psychology 103

Summary 104

7 "But It's Not Real Life！"：The"Artificiality"Criticism and Psycho logy 105

Why Natural Isn't Always Necessary 105

The"Random Sample"Confusion 107

The Random Assignment Versus Random Sample Distinction 107

Theory-Driven Research Versus Direct Applications 108

Applications of Psychological Theory 113

The"College Sophomore"Problem 115

The Real-Life and College Sophomore Problems in Perspective 119

Summary 120

8 Avoiding the Einstein Syndrome：The Importance of Converging Evidence 121

The Connectivity Principle 122

A Consumer's Rule：Beware of Violations of Connectivity 123

The "Great-Leap"Model Versus the Gradual-Synthesis Model 125

Converging Evidence：Progress Despite Flaws 126

Converging Evidence in Psychology 129

Scientific Consensus 133

Methods and the Convergence Principle 135

The Progression to More Powerful Methods 136

A Counsel Against Despair 139

Summary 142

9 The Misguided Searchfor the"Magic Bullet"：The Issue ofMultiple Causation 145

The Concept ofInteraction 146

The Temptation of the Single-Cause Explanation 149

Summary 152

10 The Achilles'Heel ofHuman Cognition：Probabilistic Reasoning 153

"Person-Who"Statistics 155

Probabilistic Reasoning and the Misunderstanding of Psychology 156

Psychological Research on Probabilistic Reasoning 158

Insufficient Use of Probabilistic Information 159

Failure to Use Sample Size Information 161

The Gambler's Fallacy 162

A Further Word About Statistics and Probability 164

Summary 166

11 The Role of Chance in Psychology 167

The Tendency to Try to Explain Chance Events 167

Explaining Chance：Illusory Correlation and the Illusion of Control 170

Chance and Psychology 172

Coincidence 173

Personal Coincidences 176

Accepting Error in Order to Reduce Error：Clinical versus Actuarial Prediction 177

Summary 184

12 The Rodney Dangerfield of the Sciences 185

Psychology's Image Problem 185

Psychology and ParaPsychology 186

The Self-Help Literature 188

Recipe Knowledge 190

Psychology and Other Disciplines 192

Our Own Worst Enemies 194

Isn't Everyone a Psychologist？Implicit Theories of Behavior 200

The Source of Resistance to Scientific Psychology 201

The Final Word 206

References 207

Name Index 231

Subject Index 238