预算过程的新政治学 第5版PDF电子书下载

Chapter One Budgeting as Conflicting Promises 7

Budgets Are Conflicting Commitments 7

Tax Preferences 11

Appropriations:The Power of Congress and Power Within Congress 13

The President Is Both Rival and Partner of Congress 16

Conflicting Promises:The Multiple Meanings of Budgetary Control 19

Chapter Two Budgets as Struggles for Power:A Historical Perspective 25

Colonial Origins 26

Turning Points:Civil War through World War I 30

The Executive Budget Movement 33

Dislocation and Continuity:Depression and War 40

Chapter Three The Dance of the Dollars:Classical Budgeting 42

Calculations 44

Complexity 44

Aids to Calculation 45

Incremental Budgeting 46

Roles and Perspectives 50

The Agency 50

The Bureau of the Budget 54

The Appropriations Committees 56

Strategies 57

Be a Good Politician 58

Clientele 58

Confidence 60

Congressional Committee Hearings 62

Strategies Designed to Capitalize on the Fragmentation of Power in National Politics 62

Chapter Four The Collapse of Consensus 68

The Growth of Entitlements 69

Economic Activism 70

Federal Credit 71

Priorities 72

Impoundment 73

The Budget Act:More Checks, More Balances,but Not More Control 75

Impoundment Again 75

Congressional Budget Office 76

Senate Budget Committee and House Budget Committee 76

Scheduling 76

Resolutions 77

Reconciliation 78

Complexity 78

A Congressional Budget,or Merely More Budgeting? 78

The Budget Process,1975-1979:Making Totals Stick 79

Classical Budgeting Withers Without Quite Disappearing 81

Chapter Five The Politics of Dissensus 83

Why Budget Decisions Became So Difficult 84

The Focus on Totals 84

The End of Economic Management 85

Dominance of the Deficit 86

Polarization of the Parties 87

The Congressional Budget Act in the 1980s 88

R and R:Resolution and Reconciliation 88

Deferral and Rescission Redux 90

The Shifting Budgetary Base 91

Continuing Omnibus Resolutions 92

OMB in an Era of Perennial Budgeting 93

Top-Down Policy Making 94

Continuous Budgeting 94

Negotiating with Congress 95

Implications for OMB 96

Dissensus in Congress 97

Role Reversal 97

Rolled on the Floor 98

Budgeting Penetrates Congress 100

Gimmicks 100

Chapter Six The Politics of Balancing Budgets 103

Grarnm-Rudman-Hollings 105

The Budget Enforcement Act of 1990 106

The Clinton Budget of 1993 108

The Politics of Radical Reversal 1995 111

Prologue:Constitutional Amendment and Rescission 112

Budgets and Counterbudgets:The President's Budgetand the Congressional Resolution 113

Incrementalism in Mirror Image:Appropriations 114

Confrontation:Continuing Resolutions and the Debt Limit 115

Reconciliation and Intransigence 118

The Balanced Budget Act of 1997 120

Chapter Seven Entitlements 123

The"Ought"and"Is"of Entitlements 124

Entitlements and Budgeting 129

How Do Entitlements Start? 132

Why Do Entitlements Grow? 135

Maintaining Commitment:Social Security 136

Escalating Costs:Medicare 138

Expanding Eligibility:Medicaid 140

Provider Pressures:End-Stage Renal Disease 142

How Have Entitlements Been Controlled? 144

Declining Need:Black Lung Disease 145

Ending an Entitlement:Welfare 146

Entitlements and Others 148

Appropriations:Head Start and WIC 148

Tax Expenditures:Earned Income Tax Credit(EITC) 149

Formula Grants to States:Adoption Assistance Program,Individuals With Disabilities Education Act,and the Ryan White Care Act 149

Chapter Eight Budgeting for Defense 152

Dimensions of Defense 153

Defense Strategy and Funding 155

The Internal Budget Process 161

Planning,Programming,Budgeting 161

Acquisitions 165

The Congressional Budget Process 170

Reprogramming 173

Secrecy 175

Cuts 176

Contingencies 179

Chapter Nine Reform 181

Norms of Budgetary Behavior 181

Forms of Budgeting 184

Reform Without Conflict 184

The Politics in Budget Reform 186

Unit of Measurement:Cash or Volume 187

Time Span:Months,One Year,Many Years 188

Calculation:Incremental or Comprehensive 189

Management Reforms 191

Performance and Budgeting 191

Centralization and Decentralization:The Role of OMB 193

Credit Reform 195

Financial Management 196

Capital Budgeting 197

Limits 198

The Line-Item Veto 200

Chapter Ten From Surplus to Deficit 205

The Disappearing Deficit 205

The Politics of Budget Surplus 208

The End of the Surplus 212

Afterword 219

Characteristics of the Budget Process 219

The Budgetary Process Is Powerful Yet Impotent 220

The Budgetary Process Is Structured Yet Formalistic 220

The Budgetary Process Is Complex Yet Segmented 221

Budgetary Politics Are Polarized but Moderated 223

Glossary 225

Guide to Acronyms 230

Select Bibliography 231

Credits 245

Index 246