Linux应用程序开发 第2版 英文版PDF电子书下载

Part 1 Getting Started 1

Chapter 1 History of Linux Development 3

1.1 A Short History of Free Unix Software 4

1.2 Development of Linux 6

1.3 Notional Lineage of Unix Systems 7

1.4 Linux Lineage 9

Chapter 2 Licenses and Copyright 11

2.1 Copyright 11

2.2 Licensing 13

2.3 Free Software Licenses 14

2.3.1 The GNU General Public License 15

2.3.2 The GNU Library General Public License 15

2.3.3 MIT/X/BSD-Style Licenses 16

2.3.4 Old BSD-Style Licensses 16

2.3.5 Artistic License 16

2.3.6 License Incompatibilities 17

Chapter 3 Online System Documentation 19

3.1 The man Pages 19

3.2 The Info Pages 20

3.3 Other Documentation 21

Part 2 Development Tools and Environment 23

Chapter 4 Development Tools 25

4.1 Editors 26

4.1.1 Emacs 27

4.1.2 vi 28

4.2 Make 29

4.2.1 Complex Command Lines 32

4.2.2 Variables 33

4.2.3 Suffix Rules 34

4.3 The GNU Debugger 35

4.4 Tracing Program Actions 40

Chapter 5 gcc Options and Extensions 43

5.1 gcc Options 44

5.2 Header Files 47

5.2.1 long long 47

5.2.2 Inline Functions 47

5.2.3 Alternative Extended Keywords 47

5.2.4 Attributes 48

Chapter 6 The GNU C Library 49

6.1 Feature Selection 49

6.2 POSIX Interfaces 52

6.2.1 POSIX Required Types 52

6.2.2 Discovering Run-Time Capabilities 54

6.2.3 Finding and Setting Basic System Information 55

6.3 Compatibility 57

Chapter 7 Memory Debugging Tools 59

7.1 Buggy Code 59

7.2 Memory-Checking Tools Included in glibc 62

7.2.1 Finding Memory Heap Corruption 62

7.2.2 Using mtrace()to Track Allocations 65

7.3 Finding Memory Leaks with mpr 66

7.4 Investigating Memory Errors with Valgrind 69

7.5 Electric Fence 74

7.5.1 Using Electric Fence 75

7.5.2 Memory Alignment 76

7.5.3 Other Features 77

7.5.4 Limitations 78

7.5.5 Resource Consumption 78

Chapter 8 Creating and Using Libraries 79

8.1 Static Libraries 79

8.2 Shared Libraries 80

8.3 Designing Shared Libraries 81

8.3.1 Managing Compatibility 82

8.3.2 Incompatible Libraries 83

8.3.3 Designing Compatible Libraries 83

8.4 Building Shared Libraries 84

8.5 Installing Shared Libraries 85

8.5.1 Example 86

8.6 Using Shared Libraries 88

8.6.1 Using Noninstalled Libraries 88

8.6.2 Preloading Libraries 89

Chapter 9 Linux System Environment 91

9.1 The Process Environment 91

9.2 Understanding System Calls 92

9.2.1 System Call Limitations 93

9.2.2 System Call Return Codes 94

9.2.3 Using System Calls 96

9.2.4 Common Error Return Codes 97

9.3 Finding Header and Library Files 102

Part 3 System Programming 103

Chapter 10 The Process Model 105

10.1 Defining a Process 105

10.1.1 Complicating Things with Threads 106

10.1.2 The Linux Approach 106

10.2 Process Attributes 107

10.2.1 The pid and Parentage 107

10.2.2 Credentials 108

10.2.3 The filesystem uid 113

10.2.4 User and Group ID Summary 113

10.3 Process Information 115

10.3.1 Program Arguments 115

10.3.2 Resource Usage 118

10.3.3 Establishing Usage Limits 120

10.4 Process Primitives 121

10.4.1 Having Children 122

10.4.2 Watching Your Children Die 123

10.4.3 Running New Programs 125

10.4.4 Faster Process Creation with vfork() 127

10.4.5 Killing Yourself 128

10.4.6 Killing Others 129

10.4.7 Dumping Core 130

10.5 Simple Children 131

10.5.1 Running and Waiting with sy stem() 131

10.5.2 Reading or Writing from a Process 132

10.6 Sessions and Process Groups 134

10.6.1 Sessions 135

10.6.2 Controlling Terminal 136

10.6.3 Process Groups 136

10.6.4 Orphaned Process Groups 138

10.7 Introduction to ladsh 139

10.7.1 Running External Programs with ladsh 140

10.8 Creating Clones 153

Chapter 11 Simple File Handling 155

11.1 The File Mode 158

11.1.1 File Access Permissions 159

11.1.2 File Permission Modifiers 161

11.1.3 File Types 162

11.1.4 The Process's umask 163

11.2 Basic File Operations 165

11.2.1 File Descriptors 165

11.2.2 Closing Files 166

11.2.3 Opening Filesin the FileSystem 166

11.2.4 Reading,Writing,and Moving Around 168

11.2.5 Partial Reads and Writes 173

11.2.6 Shortening Files 175

11.2.7 Synchronizing Files 175

11.2.8 Other Operations 176

11.3 Querying and Changing Inode Information 177

11.3.1 Finding Inode Information 177

11.3.2 A Simple Example of stat() 178

11.3.3 Easily Determining Access Rights 181

11.3.4 Changing a File's Access Permissions 182

11.3.5 Changing a File's Owner and Group 182

11.3.6 Changing a File's Timestamps 183

11.3.7 Ext3 Extended Attributes 184

11.4 Manipulating Directory Entries 188

11.4.1 Creating Device and Named Pipe Entries 189

11.4.2 Creating Hard Links 191

11.4.3 Using Symbolic Links 192

11.4.4 Removing Files 194

11.4.5 Renaming Files 194

11.5 Manipulating File Descriptors 195

11.5.1 Changing the Access Mode for an Open File 195

11.5.2 Modifiying the close-on-exec Flag 196

11.5.3 Duplicating File Descriptors 196

11.6 Creating Unnamed Pipes 198

11.7 Adding Redirection to ladsh 198

11.7.1 The Data Structures 199

11.7.2 Changing the Code 200

Chapter 12 Signal Processing 203

12.1 Signal Concepts 204

12.1.1 Life Cycle of a Signal 204

12.1.2 Simple Signals 205

12.1.3 Reliable Signals 207

12.1.4 Signals and System Calls 208

12.2 The Linux(and POSIX)Signal API 209

12.2.1 Sending Signals 209

12.2.2 Using sigset_t 210

12.2.3 Catching Signals 211

12.2.4 Manipulating a Process's Signal Mask 213

12.2.5 Finding the Set of Pending Signals 215

12.2.6 Waiting for Signals 216

12.3 Available Signals 217

12.3.1 Describing Signals 221

12.4 Writing Signal Handlers 222

12.5 Reopening Log Files 224

12.6 Real-Time Signals 227

12.6.1 Signal Queueing and Ordering 228

12.7 Learning About a Signal 231

12.7.1 Getting a Signal's Context 231

12.7.2 Sending Data with a Signal 237

Chapter 13 Advanced File Handling 241

13.1 Input and Output Multiplexing 241

13.1.1 Nonblocking I/O 244

13.1.2 Multiplexing with poll() 245

13.1.3 Multiplexing with select() 249

13.1.4 Comparing poll()and select() 253

13.1.5 Multiplexing with epoll 256

13.1.6 Comparing poll()and epoll 263

13.2 Memory Mapping 266

13.2.1 Page Alignment 267

13.2.2 Establishing Memory Mappings 268

13.2.3 Unmapping Regions 273

13.2.4 Syncing Memory Regions to Disk 274

13.2.5 Locking Memory Regions 275

13.3 File Locking 276

13.3.1 Lock Files 276

13.3.2 Record Locking 279

13.3.3 Mandatory Locks 285

13.3.4 Leasing a File 285

13.4 Alternatives to read()and write() 289

13.4.1 Scatter/Gather Reads and Writes 290

13.4.2 Ignoring the File Pointer 291

Chapter 14 Directory Operations 293

14.1 The Current Working Directory 293

14.1.1 Finding the Current Working Directory 293

14.1.2 The.and..Special Files 295

14.1.3 Changing the Current Directory 295

14.2 Changing the Root Directory 296

14.3 Creating and Removing Directories 297

14.3.1 Creating New Directories 297

14.3.2 Removing Directories 297

14.4 Reading a Directory's Contents 297

14.4.1 Starting Over 299

14.5 File Name Globbing 300

14.5.1 Use a Subprocess 300

14.5.2 Internal Globbing 301

14.6 Adding Directories and Globbing to ladsh 306

14.6.1 Adding cd and pwd 306

14.6.2 Adding File Name Globbing 307

14.7 Walking File System Trees 311

14.7.1 Using ftw() 311

14.7.2 File Tree Walks with nftw() 313

14.7.3 Implementing find 315

14.8 Directory Change Notification 317

Chapter 15 Job Control 325

15.1 Job Control Basics 325

15.1.1 Restarting Processes 325

15.1.2 Stopping Processes 326

15.1.3 Handling Job Control Signals 327

15.2 Job Control in ladsh 328

Chapter 16 Terminals and Pseudo Terminals 335

16.1 tty Operations 336

16.1.1 Terminal Utility Functions 337

16.1.2 Controlling Terminals 338

16.1.3 Terminal Ownership 339

16.1.4 Recording with utempter 340

16.1.5 Recording by Hand 341

16.2 termios Overview 351

16.3 termios Examples 353

16.3.1 Passwords 353

16.3.2 Serial Communications 355

16.4 termios Debugging 370

16.5 termios Reference 371

16.5.1 Functions 372

16.5.2 Window Sizes 376

16.5.3 Flags 377

16.5.4 Input Flags 378

16.5.5 Output Flags 380

16.5.6 Control Flags 381

16.5.7 Control Characters 383

16.5.8 Local Flags 385

16.5.9 Controlling read() 387

16.6 Pseudo ttys 389

16.6.1 Opening Pseudo ttys 389

16.6.2 Opening Pseudo ttys the Easy Ways 391

16.6.3 Opening Pseudo ttys the Hard Ways 392

16.6.4 Pseudo tty Examples 396

Chapter 17 Networking with Sockets 407

17.1 Protocol Support 407

17.1.1 Nice Networking 408

17.1.2 Real Networking 408

17.1.3 Making Reality Play Nice 409

17.1.4 Addresses 410

17.2 Utility Functions 411

17.3 Basic Socket Operations 412

17.3.1 Creating a Socket 412

17.3.2 Establishing Connections 414

17.3.3 Binding an Address to a Socket 414

17.3.4 Waiting for Connections 415

17.3.5 Connecting to a Server 416

17.3.6 Finding Connection Addresses 417

17.4 Unix Domain Sockets 418

17.4.1 Unix Domain Addresses 418

17.4.2 Waiting for a Connection 419

17.4.3 Connecting to a Server 422

17.4.4 Running the Unix Domain Examples 423

17.4.5 Unnamed Unix Domain Sockets 423

17.4.6 Passing File Descriptors 424

17.5 Networking Machines with TCP/IP 429

17.5.1 Byte Ordering 430

17.5.2 IPv4 Addressing 431

17.5.3 IPv6 Addressing 433

17.5.4 Manipulating IP Addresses 435

17.5.5 Turning Names into Addresses 437

17.5.6 Turning Addresses into Names 449

17.5.7 Listening for TCP Connections 455

17.5.8 TCP Client Applications 457

17.6 Using UDP Datagrams 459

17.6.1 Creating a UDP Socket 460

17.6.2 Sending and Receiving Datagrams 461

17.6.3 A Simple tftp Server 463

17.7 Socket Errors 469

17.8 Legacy Networking Functions 471

17.8.1 IPv4 Address Manipulation 471

17.8.2 Hostname Resolution 473

17.8.3 Legacy Host Information Lookup Example 475

17.8.4 Looking Up Port Numbers 476

Chapter 18 Time 481

18.1 Telling Time and Dates 481

18.1.1 Representing Time 481

18.1.2 Converting,Formatting,and Parsing Times 484

18.1.3 The Limits of Time 489

18.2 Using Timers 490

18.2.1 Sleeping 491

18.2.2 Interval Timers 492

Chapter 19 Random Numbers 497

19.1 Pseudo-Random Numbers 497

19.2 Cryptography and Random Numbers 498

Chapter 20 Programming Virtual Consoles 501

20.1 Getting Started 502

20.2 Beeping 505

20.3 Determining Whetherthe Terminal Is a VC 506

20.4 Finding the Current VC 506

20.5 Managing VC Switching 507

20.6 Example:The open Command 510

Chapter 21 The Linux Console 513

21.1 Capability Databases 514

21.2 Glyphs,Characters,and Maps 516

21.3 Linux Console Capabilities 516

21.3.1 Control Characters 518

21.3.2 Escape Sequences 519

21.3.3 Testing Sequences 521

21.3.4 Complex Escape Sequences 521

21.4 Direct Screen Writing 526

Chapter 22 Writing Secure Programs 531

22.1 When Security Matters 531

22.1.1 When Security Fails 533

22.2 Minimizing the Opportunity for Attack 534

22.2.1 Giving Up Permissions 534

22.2.2 Getting a Helping Hand 535

22.2.3 Restricting File System Access 536

22.3 Common Security Holes 537

22.3.1 Buffer Overflows 537

22.3.2 Parsing Filenames 543

22.3.3 Environment Variables 544

22.3.4 Running the Shell 545

22.3.5 Creating Temporary Files 545

22.3.6 Race Conditions and Signal Handlers 548

22.3.7 Closing File Descriptors 549

22.4 Running as a Daemon 550

Part 4 Development Libraries 553

Chapter 23 String Matching 555

23.1 Globbing Arbitrary Strings 555

23.2 Regular Expressions 556

23.2.1 Linux Regular Expressions 557

23.2.2 Regular Expression Matching 557

23.2.3 A Simple grep 562

Chapter 24 Terminal Handling with S-Lang 569

24.1 Input Handling 570

24.1.1 Initializing S-Lang Input Handling 571

24.1.2 Restoring the Terminal State 572

24.1.3 Reading Characters from the Terminal 572

24.1.4 Checking for Pending Input 573

24.2 Output Handling 573

24.2.1 Initializing Screen Management 574

24.2.2 Updating the Display 574

24.2.3 Moving the Cursor 575

24.2.4 Finishing Screen Management 575

24.2.5 Skeleton Screen Management 575

24.2.6 Switching Character Sets 576

24.2.7 Writing to the Screen 577

24.2.8 Drawing Lines and Boxes 579

24.2.9 Using Color 581

Chapter 25 A Hashed Database Library 583

25.1 Overview 584

25.2 Basic Operations 585

25.2.1 Opening a qdbm File 585

25.2.2 Closing a Database 586

25.2.3 Obtaining the File Descriptor 587

25.2.4 Syncing the Database 587

25.3 Reading Records 587

25.3.1 Reading a Particular Record 587

25.3.2 Reading Records Sequentially 589

25.4 Modifying the Database 589

25.4.1 Adding Records 590

25.4.2 Removing Records 590

25.5 Example 591

Chapter 26 Parsing Command-Line Options 597

26.1 The Option Table 598

26.1.1 Defining the Options 598

26.1.2 Nesting Option Tables 601

26.2 Using the Option Table 602

26.2.1 Creating a Context 602

26.2.2 Parsing the Command Line 604

26.2.3 Leftover Arguments 605

26.2.4 Automatic Help Messages 606

26.3 Using Callbacks 608

26.4 Error Handling 612

26.5 Option Aliasing 614

26.5.1 Specifying Aliases 615

26.5.2 Enabling Aliases 615

26.6 Parsing Argument Strings 616

26.7 Handling Extra Arguments 617

26.8 Sample Application 617

Chapter 27 Dynamic Loading at Run Time 619

27.1 The dl Interface 620

27.1.1 Example 624

Chapter 28 User Identification and Authentication 627

28.1 ID-to-Name Translation 627

28.1.1 Example:The id Command 630

28.2 Pluggable Authentication Modules 635

28.2.1 PAM Conversations 636

28.2.2 PAM Actions 638

Appendices 647

Appendix A Header Files 649

Appendix B ladsh Source Code 651

Glossary 671

Bibliography 679

Index 683