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Introduction 1

Ⅰ The Homeric age 12

1 The spread of civilisation:the past in the present-from neolithic tribalism to the first cities-the Minoans 14

2 The Greeks:the Mycenaeans-Dark-Age Greece-the Greek language-the Greek alphabet-Bronze-Age society and culture-Mycenaean religion 19

3 Homer and epic poetry:the background-the Iliad-the Odyssey-Hesiod 25

Ⅱ Greece in the fifth century BC 43

4 From Archaic to early-Classical Greece:Athens-Sparta-the Persian Wars-women,resident foreigners,and slaves-colonisation 45

5 Religion,the arts,education,and books:religious beliefs and practices-architecture-painting-sculpture-music-education,literacy,and books 52

6 Lyric poetry:Pindar and his predecessors:the lyric-Sappho and Anacreon-Pindar 57

7 Sophocles and Athenian drama:tragedy-the three tragedians-Aeschylus-Sophocles-Euripides-Aristophanes and comedy 65

8 Herodotus and Greek history:Greek historians-Herodotus and the Persian Wars-Thucydides and the Peloponnesian War-Xenophon and the Persian Expedition 82

9 Plato and philosophy:the pre-Socratics-Socrates-Plato-Aristotle 100

Interchapter:the Hellenistic age Alexander's empire and its successors-language and society-the visual arts-literature-history-philosophy and science-scholarship and libraries 115

Ⅲ Late-Republican and early-Imperial Rome 121

10 The expansion of Rome:from city-state to superstate-the Latin language-Roman names 123

11 Republic and Empire:conquest abroad,strife at home-politics and society-religion 129

12 Maintaining the state:economics and technology-the Roman army 134

13 The arts:painting,sculpture,and architecture-drama:Plautus,Terence,Seneca-education,books,and libraries 138

14 Cicero:rhetoric and philosophy-the legacy of Greece:rhetoric,philosophy-Cicero-Seneca 144

15 Virgil:from pastoral to epic-Theocritus and pastoral poetry-Virgil-the Eclogues-the Georgics-the Aeneid-Virgil's reputation and influence 154

16 Horace:epigram,lyric,and satire-Catullus-Horace-Juvenal 167