普通语言学概论PDF电子书下载

Chapter 1 Introduction 1

1.1 What is language? 1

1.1.1 Definition of language 1

1.1.2 Distinctive features of language 3

1.2 What is linguistics? 9

1.2.1 Definition of linguistics 9

1.2.2 Principles for linguistic study 10

1.2.3 The scope of linguistics 11

1.2.4 Some basic distinctions in linguistics 13

Exercises 17

Chapter 2 Phonetics 21

2.1 Study of speech sounds 21

2.2 Definition of phonetics 21

2.2.1 Analysis of speech sounds 21

2.2.2 Process of speech production and perception 22

2.3 Speech organs 23

2.4 Production of a sound 24

2.5 Transcription of speech sounds 25

2.6 Classification of English speech sounds 29

2.6.1 Classification of English consonants 29

2.6.2 Classification of vowels 33

Exercises 35

Chapter 3 Phonology 37

3.1 Phonetics and phonology 37

3.2 Phone,phoneme and allophone 37

3.3 Distinctive features 39

3.4 Minimal pairs 40

3.5 Complementary distribution 40

3.6 Phonological rules 41

3.7 Suprasegmental features 42

3.7.1 Stress 43

3.7.2 Tone 44

3.7.3 Intonation 45

Exercises 45

Chapter 4 Morphology 47

4.1 Definition of morphology 47

4.2 Classification of morphology 48

4.3 Morpheme and allomorph 50

4.3.1 Morpheme 50

4.3.2 Morpheme and phoneme 51

4.3.3 Allomorph 51

4.3.4 Types of morphemes 52

4.4 Morphological rules—compounding 56

4.4.1 Compounding 57

4.4.2 Types of compound words 57

4.4.3 Features of compounds 58

Exercises 61

Chapter 5 Syntax 63

5.1 Definition of syntax 63

5.2 Syntax as a system of rules 63

5.3 Sentence structure 65

5.4 Types of sentences 66

5.5 Linear and hierarchical structures of sentences 68

5.5.1 Linear word order of a sentence 68

5.5.2 Hierarchical structure of a sentence 69

5.5.3 Tree diagrams of sentence structure 70

5.6 Syntactic categories 72

5.6.1 Lexical categories 72

5.6.2 Phrasal categories 73

5.6.3 Grammatical relations 74

5.6.4 Combinational rules 75

5.7 Syntactic movement and movement rules 79

5.7.1 NP-movement and WH-movement 79

5.7.2 Other types of movement 80

5.7.3 Moveα—a general movement rule 81

5.8 D-structure and S-structure 81

5.9 Theory of Universal Grammar 82

5.9.1 General principles of Universal Grammar 83

5.9.2 The parameters of Universal Grammar 83

Exercises 85

Chapter 6 Semantics 88

6.1 Definition of semantics 88

6.2 Some major views concerning the study of meaning 88

6.3 Lexical meaning 91

6.3.1 Sense and reference 91

6.3.2 Major sense relations 92

6.4 Sense relations between sentences 97

6.5 Semantic analysis 100

Exercises 102

Chapter 7 Pragmatics 106

7.1 An introduction to pragmatics 106

7.1.1 Definition 106

7.1.2 Pragmatics vs.semantics 106

7.1.3 Context and meaning 107

7.1.4 Sentence meaning vs.utterance meaning 107

7.2 Speech act theory 108

7.2.1 Austin's model of speech acts 108

7.2.2 Searle's classification of speech acts 110

7.2.3 Indirect speech act 112

7.3 Conversational analysis 114

7.3.1 The structural features of conversation 114

7.3.2 Conversational implicature and the Cooperative Principle 117

7.3.3 The Politeness Principle 121

Exercises 129

Chapter 8 Historical Linguistics 132

8.1 A brief history of English language 132

8.1.1 Old English(449—1100) 133

8.1.2 Middle English(1100—1500) 134

8.1.3 Modern English(1500—the present) 135

8.2 Linguistic changes of English 136

8.2.1 Sound change 136

8.2.2 Lexical change 137

8.2.3 Morphological change 141

8.2.4 Syntactic change 141

8.2.5 Semantic change 142

8.3 Language family and language typology 144

8.3.1 Historical comparative linguistics 145

8.3.2 Language family 146

8.3.3 Language typology 149

8.4 Causes of language change 152

8.4.1 Sociological factors 152

8.4.2 Development of science and technology 152

8.4.3 Phonological and grammatical simplification 153

8.4.4 Children's language acquisition 154

Exercises 155

Chapter 9 Sociolinguistics 156

9.1 Variety of language related to the user 156

9.1.1 Notion of variety 156

9.1.2 Dialect 157

9.1.3 Language variety and social class 158

9.1.4 Language variety and race 159

9.1.5 Language variety and sex 159

9.1.6 Language variety and age 160

9.1.7 Idiolect 160

9.1.8 Standard dialect 161

9.2 Variety of language related to the use 161

9.2.1 Register 161

9.2.2 Scales of formality 163

9.3 Standard and non-standard dialects 165

9.3.1 Standard dialect 165

9.3.2 Non-standard dialect 167

9.3.3 Lingua franca 167

9.3.4 Esperanto—an artificial lingua franca 168

9.4 Pidgin,creole,bilingualism and diglossia 169

9.4.1 Pidgin and creole 169

9.4.2 Bilingualism and diglossia 171

Exercises 173

Chapter 10 Psycholinguistics 174

10.1 Language and thought 174

10.1.1 Early views on language-thought relationship 174

10.1.2 Sapir-Whorf Hypothesis 175

10.2 First language acquisition 177

10.2.1 Language acquisition 177

10.2.2 Stages in first language acquisition 178

10.2.3 Children's development of linguistic system 179

10.3 Theories on child language acquisition 184

10.3.1 Reinforcement theory 184

10.3.2 Innate linguistic competence theory 185

10.4 Error analysis and second language acquisition 186

10.4.1 Acquisition vs.learning 186

10.4.2 Second language acquisition vs.first language acquisition 186

10.4.3 Transfer and interference 187

10.5 Types of errors 189

10.5.1 Inter-lingual errors 189

10.5.2 Intra-lingual errors—over-generalization 191

10.5.3 Errors due to communication strategies 192

10.5.4 Performance errors 192

10.5.5 Errors due to cross-association 193

Exercises 194

Answers to Exercises 195

Bibliography 216

An English-Chinese Glossary 220