可变重力条件下神经元系统中的自组织和斑图动力学 空间条件下的生命科学（英文版）PDF电子书下载

Chapter 1 Introduction 1

1.1 Historical remarks 1

1.1.1 Gravitational research 1

1.2 Excitable media and their control by small external forces 2

1.3 Waves and oscillations in biological systems 3

1.4 Book layout 4

References 5

Chapter 2 Gravity 7

2.1 Physical remarks 7

2.2 Perception of gravity by living systems 8

References 9

Chapter 3 Basic Structure of Neuronal Systems 11

References 18

Chapter 4 Platforms for Gravitational Research 19

4.1 Microgravity platforms 20

4.1.1 Short term platforms 21

4.1.2 Long term platforms 31

4.1.3 Magnetic levitation 34

4.2 Removing orientation 36

4.2.1 Clinostats 37

4.2.2 Random positioning machine 37

4.3 Macro-gravity platforms 38

4.3.1 Centrifuge 39

References 41

Chapter 5 A Model Systems for Gravity Research:The Belousov-Zhabotinsky Reaction 43

5.1 Setup for the Belousov-Zhabotinsky experiments 44

5.2 Preparation of gels for the Belousov-Zhabotinsky reaction 46

5.3 Data evaluation 46

References 55

Chapter 6 Interaction of Gravity with Molecules and Membranes 57

6.1 Bilayer experiments 58

6.1.1 Hardware for the Microba mission 60

6.1.2 Hardware for the drop-tower 62

6.1.3 Hardware for parabolic flights 62

6.1.4 Hardware for laboratory centrifuge 64

6.1.5 Experimental results 64

6.2 Patch-clamp experiments 69

6.2.1 Principles of patch-clamp experiments 69

6.2.2 Hardware for the drop-tower 71

6.2.3 First hardware for parabolic flights 75

6.2.4 For the drop-tower 76

6.2.5 First parabolic flight experiment 77

6.2.6 Second hardware for parabolic flights 78

6.2.7 Second parabolic flight experiment 86

6.2.8 First results and future perspectives 89

References 92

Chapter 7 Behavior of Aetion Potentials Under Variable Gravity Conditions 95

7.1 Introductory remarks 95

7.2 Materials and methods 99

7.3 Isolated leech neuron experiments 100

7.4 Earthworm and nerve fiber experiments(rats and worms) 102

7.5 Discussion 105

References 108

Chapter 8 Fluorescence and Light Scatter Experiments to Investigate Cell Properties at Microgravity 111

8.1 Fluorescence measurements to determine calcium influx and membrane potential changes 111

8.1.1 Intracellular calcium concentration experiments 112

8.1.2 Membrane potential experiments 113

8.2 Light scatter experiments to determine changes in cell size 114

8.2.1 Static light scatter 115

8.2.2 Dynamic light scatter 118

References 121

Chapter 9 Spreading Depression:A Self-organized Excitation Depression Wave in Different Gravity Conditions 123

9.1 The retinal spreading depression 124

9.2 Gravity platforms used for retinal spreading depression experiments 126

9.2.1 Methods 127

9.2.2 Experiment setup and protocol for spreading depression experiments in parabolic flights 128

9.2.3 Experiment setup and protocol for spreading depression experiments on TEXUS sounding rocket 129

9.2.4 Setup and protocol for spreading depression experiments in the centrifuge 132

9.2.5 Data analysis 132

9.3 Results 134

9.3.1 Spreading depression experiments in parabolic flights and in the centrifuge 134

9.3.2 Spreading depression experiments on sounding rockets and in the centrifuge 136

9.3.3 Determination of latency of spreading depression waves in the centrifuge 138

9.3.4 Summary of all spreading depression experiments on different gravity platforms 139

9.4 Discussion 140

9.4.1 Comment on different gravity platforms 141

References 142

Chapter 10 The Brain Itself in Zero-g 145

10.1 Methods 147

10.1.1 Slow cortical potentials(SCP) 148

10.1.2 Classical frequency bands in EEG 149

10.1.3 Peripheral psycho physiological parameters 150

10.1.4 Protocol and data analysis 150

10.1.5 Subjects 152

10.1.6 Ethic 153

10.2 Results 153

10.2.1 Slow Cortical Potentials(SCP) 154

10.2.2 Frequency band EEG 157

10.2.3 Peripheral stress parameters 159

10.3 Discussion 161

10.3.1 Slow cortical potentials 161

10.3.2 Frequency band EEG 162

10.3.3 Peripheral parameters 163

10.4 Conclusion 163

References 164

Chapter 11 Effects of Altered Gravity on the Actin and Microtubule Cytoskeleton,Cell Migration and Neurite Outgrowth 167

11.1 Summary 167

11.2 Introductory remarks 168

11.3 Material and methods 169

11.3.1 Cell transfection 169

11.3.2 Cell culture and experiments with SH-SY5Y neuroblastoma cells 169

11.3.3 Cell migration experiments-Human carcinoma cell lines 170

11.3.4 Scratch Migration Assay(SMA) 170

11.3.5 Neurite outgrowth experiments-Primary cell culture of embryonic chicken spinal cord neurons 170

11.3.6 Imunostaining of cells 171

11.3.7 Staining of F-actin 171

11.3.8 Microscopy and live imaging 171

11.4 Results and discussion 172

11.4.1 Effects of altered gravity on actin-driven lamellar protrusion of SH-SY5Y neuroblastoma cells 172

11.4.2 Effect of altered gravity on the microtubule cytoskeleton of SH-SY5Y neuroblastoma cells 177

11.4.3 Effects of altered gravity on cell migration 181

11.4.4 Effects of altered gravity on the intensity and direction of neurite outgrowth 182

References 184

Chapter 12 Discussion and Perspectives 187

References 192

Index 193