生物技术与生物工程概论 英文PDF电子书下载

1 The Biotechnology Century and Its Workforce 1

1.1 What Is Biotechnology and What Does It Mean to You? 2

A Brief History of Biotechnology 2

Biotechnology:A Science of Many Disciplines 5

Products of Modern Biotechnology 6

Ethics and Biotechnology 8

1.2 Types of Biotechnology 8

Microbial Biotechnology 8

Agricultural Biotechnology 8

Animal Biotechnology 10

Forensic Biotechnology 10

Bioremediation 11

Aquatic Biotechnology 12

Medical Biotechnology 12

Regulatory Biotechnology 13

The Biotechnology"Big Picture" 13

1.3 Biological Challenges of the 21st Century 14

What Will the New Biotechnology Century Look Like? 14

A Scenario in the Future:How Might We Benefit from the Human Genome Project? 14

1.4 The Biotechnology Workforce 18

The Business of Biotechnology 19

Organization of a Biotechnology Company 19

Jobs in Biotechnology 20

Salaries in Biotechnology 23

Hiring Trends in the Biotechnology Industry 24

Questions＆Activities 25

References and Further Reading 25

2 An Tntroduction to Genes and Genomes 26

2.1 A Review of Cell Structure 27

Prokaryotic Cells 27

Eukaryotic Cells 28

2.2 The Molecule of Life 30

Evidence That DNA Is the Inherited Genetic Material 30

DNA Structure 32

What Is a Gene? 33

2.3 Chromosome Structure, DNA Replication,and Genomes 33

Chromosome Structure 34

DNA Replication 37

What Is a Genome? 38

2.4 RNA and Protein Synthesis 39

Copying the Code:Transcription 40

Translating the Code:Protein Synthesis 43

Basics of Gene Expression Control 46

2.5 Mutations:Causes and Consequences 51

Types of Mutations 51

Mutations Can Be Inherited or Acquired 53

Mutations Are the Basis of Variation in Genomes and a Cause of Human Genetic Diseases 54

Questions＆Activities 55

References and Further Reading 56

3 Recombinant DNA Technology and Genomics 57

3.1 Introduction to Recombinant DNA Technology and DNA Cloning 58

Restriction Enzymes and Plasmid DNA Vectors 58

Transformation of Bacterial Cells and Antibiotic Selection of Recombinant Bacteria 61

Introduction to Human Gene Cloning 63

3.2 What Makes a Good Vector? 65

Practical Features of DNA Cloning Vectors 65

Types of Vectors 66

3.3 How Do You Identify and Clone a Gene of Interest? 68

Creating DNA Libraries:Building a Collection of Cloned Genes 68

Polymerase Chain Reaction 71

3.4 What Can You Do With a Cloned Gene?Applications of Recombinant DNA Technology 75

Gel Electrophoresis and Mapping Gene Structure with Restriction Enzymes 75

DNA Sequencing 78

Chromosomal Location and Gene Copy Number 80

Studying Gene Expression 81

Northern Blot Analysis 82

3.5 Genomics and Bioinformatics:Hot New Areas of Biotechnology 87

Bioinformatics:Merging Molecular Biology with Computing Technology 87

Examples of Bioinformatics in Action 87

A Genome Cloning Effort of Epic Proportion:The Human Genome Project 89

What Have We Learned from the Human Genome? 90

The Human Genome Project Started an"Omics"Revolution 92

Comparative Genomics 92

Stone Age Genomics 93

Questions＆Activities 95

References and Further Reading 95

4 Proteins as Products 97

4.1 Introduction to Proteins as Biotech Products 98

4.2 Proteins as Biotechnology Products 98

Making a Biotech Drug 99

Medical Applications 100

Food Processing 100

Textiles and Leather Goods 101

Detergents 101

Paper Manufacturing and Recycling 101

Adhesives:Natural Glues 101

Bioremediation:Treating Pollution with Proteins 102

4.3 Protein Structures 102

Structural Arrangement 102

Protein Folding 103

Glycosylation 104

Protein Engineering 104

4.4 Protein Production 106

Protein Expression:The First Phase in Protein Processing 107

4.5 Protein Purification Methods 109

Preparing the Extract for Purification 109

Stabilizing the Proteins in Solution 109

Separating the Components in the Extract 110

4.6 Verification 114

4.7 Preserving Proteins 115

4.8 Scale-up of Protein Purification 116

4.9 Postpurification Analysis Methods 116

Protein Sequencing 116

X-ray Crystallography 116

4.10 Proteomics 117

Questions＆Activities 118

References and Further Reading 118

5 Microbial Biotechnology 119

5.1 The Structure of Microbes 120

Yeast Are Important Microbes Too 121

5.2 Microorganisms as Tools 122

Microbial Enzymes 123

Bacterial Transformation 123

Electroporation 124

Cloning and Expression Techniques 125

5.3 Using Microbes for a Variety of Everyday Applications 127

Food Products 127

Therapeutic Proteins 131

Using Microbes Against Other Microbes 131

Field Applications of Recombinant Microorganisms 134

5.4 Vaccines 135

A Primer on Antibodies 136

How Are Vaccines Made? 137

Bacterial and Viral Targets for Vaccines 139

5.5 Microbial Genomes 141

Why Sequence Microbial Genomes? 141

Microbial Genome Sequencing Strategies 142

Selected Genomes Sequenced to Date 142

SorcererⅡ:Traversing the Globe to Sequence Microbial Genomes 143

Viral Genomics 144

Assembling Genomes to Produce Human-Made Viruses 145

5.6 Microbial Diagnostics 145

Bacterial Detection Strategies 145

Tracking Disease-Causing Microorganisms 147

Microarrays for Tracking Contagious Diseases 147

5.7 Combating Bioterrorism 148

Microbes as Bioweapons 149

Targets of Bioterrorism 150

Using Biotechnology Against Bioweapons 151

Questions＆Activities 153

References and Further Reading 154

6 Plant Biotechnology 155

6.1 Agriculture:The Next Revolution 156

6.2 Methods Used in Plant Transgenesis 157

Conventional Selective Breeding and Hybridization 157

Cloning:Growing Plants from Single Cells 157

Protoplast Fusion 157

Leaf Fragment Technique 158

Gene Guns 158

Chloroplast Engineering 159

Antisense Technology 159

6.3 Practical Applications in the Field 161

Vaccines for Plants 161

Genetic Pesticides:A Safer Alternative? 162

Safe Storage 163

Herbicide Resistance 163

Stronger Fibers 163

Enhanced Nutrition 164

The Future:From Pharmaceuticals to Fuel 164

Metabolic Engineering 166

6.4 Health and Environmental Concerns 167

Concerns About Human Health 168

Concerns About the Environment 168

Regulations 169

Questions＆Activities 170

References and Further Reading 170

7 Animal Biotechnology 171

7.1 Introduction to Animal Biotechnology 172

7.2 Animals in Research 172

Animal Models 172

Alternatives to Animal Models 174

Regulation of Animal Research 175

Veterinary Medicine as Clinical Trials 176

Bioengineering Mosquitoes to Prevent Malaria 177

7.3 Clones 177

Creating Dolly:A Breakthrough in Cloning 177

The Limits to Cloning 178

The Future of Cloning 179

7.4 Transgenic Animals 180

Transgenic Techniques 180

Improving Agricultural Products with Transgenics 181

Transgenic Animals as Bioreactors 183

Knockouts:A Special Case of Transgenics 184

7.5 Producing Human Antibodies in Animals 186

Monoclonal Antibodies 186

Eggs as Antibody Factories 188

Questions＆Activities 188

References and Further Reading 189

8 DNA Fingerprinting and Forensic Analysis 190

8.1 Introduction to DNA Fingerprinting and Forensics 191

8.2 What Is a DNA Fingerprint? 191

How Is DNA Typing Performed? 191

8.3 Preparing a DNA Fingerprint 192

Specimen Collection 192

Extracting DNA for Analysis 193

Restriction Fragment Length Polymorphism(RFLP)Analysis 193

The Southern Blot Technique 193

PCR and DNA Amplification 196

Dot Blot(or Slot Blot)Analysis 196

STR Analysis 196

8.4 Putting DNA to Use 196

The Narborough Village Murders 197

The Forest Hills Rapist 197

Terrorism and Natural Disasters Force Development of New Technologies 199

8.5 DNA and the Rules of Evidence 200

DNA Fingerprinting and the Simpson and Goldman Murders 201

Human Error and Sources of Contamination 201

DNA and Juries 202

8.6 Familial Relationships and DNA Profiles 202

Mitochondrial DNA Analysis 202

Y-Chromosome Analysis 203

8.7 Nonhuman DNA Analysis 204

DNA Tagging to Fight Fraud 206

Questions＆Activities 206

References and Further Reading 207

9 Bioremediation 208

9.1 What Is Bioremediation? 209

Why Is Bioremediation Important? 209

9.2 Bioremediation Basics 210

What Needs to Be Cleaned Up? 210

Chemicals in the Environment 211

Fundamentals of Cleanup Reactions 211

The Players:Metabolizing Microbes 213

Bioremediation Genomics Programs 215

9.3 Cleanup Sites and Strategies 217

Soil Cleanup 217

Bioremediation of Water 218

Turning Wastes into Energy 220

9.4 Applying Genetically Engineered Strains to Clean Up the Environment 222

Petroleum-Eating Bacteria 222

Engineering E.coli to Clean Up Heavy Metals 223

Biosensors 224

Genetically Modified Plants and Phytoremediation 224

9.5 Environmental Disasters:Case Studies in Bioremediation 225

Jet Fuel and Hanahan,South Carolina 225

The Exxon Valdez Oil Spill 225

Oil Fields of Kuwait 226

9.6 Future Strategies and Challenges for Bioremediation 227

Recovering Valuable Metals 228

Bioremediation of Radioactive Wastes 229

Questions＆Activities 230

References and Further Reading 230

10 Aquatic Biotechnology 231

10.1 Introduction to Aquatic Biotechnology 232

10.2 Aquaculture:Increasing the World's Food Supply Through Biotechnology 232

The Economics of Aquaculture 232

Fish Farming Practices 235

Improving Strains for Aquaculture 238

Enhancing Seafood Quality and Safety 239

Barriers and Limitations to Aquaculture 239

The Future of Aquaculture 242

10.3 Molecular Genetics of Aquatic Organisms 242

Discovery and Cloning of Novel Genes 242

Genetic Manipulations of Finfish and Shellfish 247

10.4 Medical Applications of Aquatic Biotechnology 251

Drugs and Medicines from the Sea 251

Monitoring Health and Human Disease 254

10.5 Nonmedical Products 254

A Potpourri of Products 254

Biomass and Bioprocessing 255

10.6 Environmental Applications of Aquatic Biotechnology 256

Antifouling Agents 256

Biosensors 257

Environmental Remediation 257

Questions＆Activities 259

References and Further Reading 259

11 Medical Biotechnology 260

11.1 The Power of Molecular Biology:Detecting and Diagnosing Human Disease Conditions 261

Models of Human Disease 261

Biomarkers for Disease Detection 263

Detecting Genetic Diseases 263

11.2 Medical Products and Applications of Biotechnology 268

The Search for New Medicines and Drugs 269

Artificial Blood 273

Vaccines and Therapeutic Antibodies 273

11.3 Gene Therapy 275

How Is It Done? 275

Curing Genetic Diseases:Targets for Gene Therapy 279

Challenges Facing Gene Therapy 281

11.4 The Potential of Regenerative Medicine 282

Cell and Tissue Transplantation 282

Tissue Engineering 285

Stem Cell Technologies 287

Cloning 293

Embryonic Stem Cell and Therapeutic Cloning Regulations in the United States 297

11.5 The Human Genome Project Has Revealed Disease Genes on All Human Chromosomes 298

Piecing Together the Human Genome Puzzle 298

Questions＆Activities 303

References and Further Reading 303

12 Biotechnology Regulations 305

12.1 The Regulatory Framework 306

12.2 U.S.Department of Agriculture 308

Animal and Plant Health Inspection Service 308

Permitting Process 308

The APHIS Investigative Process 308

The Notification Process 309

1 2.3 The Environmental Protection Agency 309

Experimental Use Permits 309

The First Experimental Use Permit 309

Deregulation and Commercialization 310

12.4 Food and Drug Administration 311

Food and Food Additives 311

The Drug Approval Process 311

Good Laboratory(GLP),Clinical(GCP),and Manufacturing(GMP)Practices 312

Phase Testing of Drugs 312

Faster Drug Approval versus Public Safety 313

12.5 Legislation and Regulation:The Ongoing Role of Government 314

Labeling Biotechnology Products 316

The Fluvirin Failure 316

12.6 Introduction to Patents 317

The Value of Patents in the Biotechnology Industry 318

Patenting DNA Sequences 319

12.7 Biotechnology Products in the Global Marketplace 321

Questions＆Activities 322

References and Further Reading 323

13 Ethics and Biotechnology 324

13.1 What Is Ethics? 325

Approaches to Ethical Decision Making 325

Ethical Exercise Warm-Up 326

13.2 Biotechnology and Nature 327

Cells and Products 328

GM Crops:Are You What You Eat? 328

Animal Husbandry or Animal Tinkering? 331

The Human Question 332

What Does It Mean to Be Human? 333

Spare Embryos for Research Versus Creating Embryos for Research 335

Cloning 336

Patient Rights and Biological Materials 337

Regulations in Flux 338

Your Genes,Your Self 338

More or Less Human? 339

13.3 Economics,the Role of Science,and Communication 340

Questions＆Activities 342

References and Further Reading 343