纳米材料基础 双语版PDF电子书下载

1.Introduction to nanoscale materials 1

1.1 Introduction to the nanoworld 1

1.2 Definition of nanoscale materials 1

1.2.1 Nanometer 1

1.2.2 Definition of nanoscale materials 2

1.3 Classification of nanoscale materials 3

1.3.1 According to the spatial dimension of materials 3

1.3.2 According to the quantum properties of materials 3

1.3.3 According to material properties 5

1.3.4 According to the shape and chemical compositio 5

1.4 Nanoscale science and technology 9

1.5 Driven by industrial revolution 9

1.6 Fundamental limitations of present technology 10

1.7 Molecular electronic 10

1.8 Technical challenges in future 10

1.9 Applications of nanomaterials 12

1.9.1 Water purificatio 12

1.9.2 Nanocatalysts 12

1.9.3 Nanosensors 12

1.9.4 Energy 13

1.9.5 Medical applications 13

References 14

Review questions 15

Vocabulary 15

1.纳米材料概论 19

1.1纳米世界概述 19

1.2纳米材料的定义 20

1.2.1纳米 20

1.2.2纳米材料的定义 20

1.3纳米材料的分类 20

1.3.1依据材料的空间维度分类 21

1.3.2依据材料的量子性质分类 21

1.3.3依据材料的性能分类 22

1.3.4依据形态和化学组成分类 22

1.4纳米科学与技术 23

1.5工业革命的驱动 23

1.6目前技术的基础性缺陷 24

1.7分子电子学 24

1.8未来的技术挑战 24

1.9纳米材料的应用 25

1.9.1水的净化 25

1.9.2纳米催化剂 25

1.9.3纳米传感器 25

1.9.4能源 25

1.9.5医药中的应用 26

复习题 26

2.Nanometer effects of nanoscale materials 27

2.1 Small size effect 27

2.2 Quantum size effect 28

2.2.1 Relationship between energy gap and particle size 28

2.2.2 Application 29

2.3 Surface effect 30

2.4 Macroscopic quantum tunnel effect 31

2.4.1 Ballistic transport 31

2.4.2 Tunneling 31

2.4.3 Resonance tunneling 32

2.4.4 Inelastic tunneling 33

2.4.5 Tunnel effect 33

2.4.6 Macroscopic quantum tunnel effect 33

References 33

Review questions 34

Vocabulary 34

2.纳米材料的纳米效应 35

2.1小尺寸效应 35

2.2量子尺寸效应 36

2.2.1能隙与粒子尺寸的关系 36

2.2.2应用 36

2.3表面效应 37

2.4宏观量子隧道效应 37

2.4.1弹道传输 37

2.4.2隧穿 38

2.4.3共振隧穿 38

2.4.4非弹性隧穿 38

2.4.5隧道效应 38

2.4.6宏观量子隧道效应 38

复习题 38

3.Properties of nanoscale materials 39

3.1 Mechanical properties 39

3.1.1 Positive Hall-Petch slopes 39

3.1.2 Negative Hall-Petch slopes 39

3.1.3 Positive and negative Hall-Petch slopes 40

3.2 Thermal properties 41

3.3 Magnetic properties 41

3.4 Electronic properties 42

3.5 Optical properties 44

3.5.1 Photochemical and photophysical processes of nanomaterials 44

3.5.2 Absorption and luminescence spectra 45

3.5.3 Ultraviolet-visible absorption spectroscopy 45

References 46

Review questions 47

Vocabulary 47

3.纳米材料的性能 48

3.1力学性能 48

3.1.1正的Hall-Petch斜率关系 49

3.1.2负的Hall-Petch斜率关系 49

3.1.3正-负Hall-Petch斜率关系 49

3.2热学性能 49

3.3磁学性能 50

3.4电学性能 50

3.5光学性能 51

3.5.1纳米材料的光化学和光物理过程 51

3.5.2吸收光谱和发光光谱 51

3.5.3紫外-可见吸收光谱 52

复习题 52

4.Synthesis of nanoscale materials 53

4.1 “Top-down” and “bottom-up” approaches 53

4.2 Solid phase method 54

4.2.1 Mechanically milling 54

4.2.2 Solid-state reaction 56

4.3 Physical vapor deposition（PVD） method 57

4.3.1 Thermal evaporation PVD method 57

4.3.2 Plasma-assisted PVD method 59

4.3.3 Laser ablation 62

4.4 Chemical vapor deposition（CVD） method 62

4.5 Liquid phase synthesis method 64

4.5.1 Precipitation method 64

4.5.2 Solvethermal method 66

4.5.3 Freeze-drying method（Cryo-chemical synthesis method） 69

4.5.4 Sol-gel method 70

4.5.5 Microemulsions method 73

4.5.6 Microwave-assisted synthesis 76

4.5.7 Ultrasonic wave-assisted synthesis 77

4.6 Synthesis of bulk materials by consolidation of nanopowders 77

4.6.1 Cold compaction 77

4.6.2 Warm compaction 78

4.7 Template-assisted self-assembly nanostructured materials 78

4.7.1 Principles of self-assembly 78

4.7.2 Self-assembly of MCM-41 79

4.8 Self-assembly ofnanocrystals 80

4.9 Green nanosynthesis 81

4.9.1 Prevent wastes 81

4.9.2 Atom economy 82

4.9.3 Using safer solvent 82

4.9.4 Enhance energy efficiency 82

References 82

Review questions 86

Vocabulary 86

4.纳米材料制备 89

4.1“自上而下”和“自下而上”的合成方法 89

4.2固相方法 90

4.2.1机械研磨 90

4.2.2固相反应 91

4.3物理气相沉积法（PVD） 91

4.3.1热蒸发PVD法 91

4.3.2等离子体辅助PVD法 92

4.3.3激光消融法 93

4.4化学气相沉积法（CVD） 93

4.5液相合成方法 94

4.5.1沉淀法 94

4.5.2溶剂热法 95

4.5.3冷冻干燥法（低温化学合成法） 96

4.5.4溶胶-凝胶法 97

4.5.5微乳液方法 98

4.5.6微波辅助合成 99

4.5.7超声波辅助合成 100

4.6通过固化纳米粉合成块材 100

4.6.1冷压 100

4.6.2热压 100

4.7模板辅助自组装纳米结构材料 101

4.7.1自组装原理 101

4.7.2 MCM-41自组装 101

4.8自组装纳米晶 101

4.9绿色纳米合成 102

4.9.1防止废弃物 102

4.9.2原子经济 102

4.9.3使用更安全的溶剂 103

4.9.4提高能源效率 103

复习题 103

5.Scanning tunneling microscope and atomic force microscope 104

5.1 Scanning tunneling microscope（STM） 104

5.1.1 Basic principle of STM 104

5.1.2 Operation modes 105

5.1.3 Application of STM 105

5.2 Atomic force microscope（AFM） 106

5.2.1 Basic principle of AFM 106

5.2.2 Mode of operation of AFM 107

5.2.3 Application of AFM 108

References 109

Review questions 110

Vocabulary 110

5.扫描隧道显微镜和原子力显微镜 111

5.1扫描隧道显微镜（STM） 111

5.1.1 STM的基本原理 111

5.1.2操作模式 111

5.1.3 STM的应用 111

5.2原子力显微镜（AFM） 112

5.2.1 AFM的基本原理 112

5.2.2 AFM的操作模式 112

5.2.3 AFM的应用 113

复习题 113

6.Synthesis of carbon nanomaterials 114

6.1 Carbon family 114

6.1.1 Graphite and diamond 114

6.1.2 Allotrope of carbon 114

6.2 Fullerenes 115

6.2.1 Synthesis of C60 115

6.2.2 Purification of fullerenes 117

6.2.3 Structure of C60 118

6.2.4 13C nuclear magnetic resonance spectroscopy 118

6.2.5 Endofullerenes 119

6.2.6 Nucleophilic addition reactions 119

6.2.7 Polymerization of C60 120

6.2.8 Fabrication of nanocar 120

6.3 Carbon nanotubes 122

6.3.1 Synthesis of nanotubes 122

6.3.2 Growing mechanisms 124

6.3.3 Geometry of carbon nanotubes 127

References 128

Review questions 130

Vocabulary 131

6.碳纳米材料的合成 132

6.1碳族 132

6.1.1石墨和金刚石 133

6.1.2碳的同素异形体 133

6.2富勒烯 133

6.2.1 C60的合成 133

6.2.2富勒烯的提纯 134

6.2.3 C60的结构 134

6.2.4 13C核磁共振谱 134

6.2.5富勒烯包合物 134

6.2.6亲核加成反应 135

6.2.7 C60的聚合反应 135

6.2.8纳米车的制造 135

6.3碳纳米管［45］ 135

6.3.1碳纳米管的合成 135

6.3.2生长机理 136

6.3.3碳纳米管的几何构型 136

复习题 137

7.Lithography for nanofabrication 138

7.1 Microfabrication by photolithography of ultraviolet light 138

7.2 Nanofabrication by scanning beam lithography 141

7.2.1 Electron beam lithography 141

7.2.2 Focused ion beam lithography 141

7.3 Nanoimprint lithography 142

7.3.1 Nanoimprint lithography 142

7.3.2 Step-and-flash imprint lithography 143

7.3.3 Microcontact printing 143

7.4 Scanning probe lithography 144

References 146

Review questions 147

Vocabulary 148

7.光刻技术用于纳米制造 148

7.1紫外线光刻微制造 149

7.2扫描束刻蚀纳米制造 150

7.2.1电子束刻蚀 150

7.2.2聚焦离子束刻蚀 151

7.3纳米压印刻蚀技术 151

7.3.1纳米压印刻蚀 151

7.3.2步进式闪烁压印光刻 151

7.3.3微接触印制 152

7.4扫描探针刻蚀 152

复习题 153

8.Nanotechnology for production of hydrogen by solar energy 154

8.1 Conversion of solar energy 154

8.2 Hydrogen production by photo- catalytic water splitting 154

8.3 Loading metal over TiO2 155

8.4 Development of visible-light-driven photocatalysts 155

8.4.1 Loading Cr3＋over titanate nanotubes 156

8.4.2 Semiconductor composition 157

References 161

Review questions 161

Vocabulary 162

8.纳米技术用于太阳能制氢 162

8.1太阳能转换 163

8.2光催化分解水制氢 163

8.3 TiO2上负载金属 163

8.4可见光驱动的光催化剂的发展 163

8.4.1在钛酸盐纳米管上负载Cr3＋ 164

8.4.2半导体复合材料 164

复习题 165